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GM Premium V engine (view source)

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'''Isuzu Motors Polska''' is an [[automobile]] engine manufacturer in [[Poland]]. It was opened in 1997 by [[Isuzu]] as an alternate production site for the [[Circle L engine]], also produced in the [[United States]] at the [[DMAX]] [[joint venture]]. However, Isuzu's financial troubles caused [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] to take control in 2002.
{{Infobox Automobile engine
|name=GM Premium V
|aka=Cadillac Northstar
|manufacturer=[[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]]
|production=1991–
|class=[[DOHC]] 90° [[V8]]/[[V6]]
|predecessor=[[Cadillac V8 engine#Aluminum OHV|Cadillac HT V8]]<br />[[GM 60-Degree V6 engine#LQ1|LQ1 V6]]
|similar=[[Jaguar AJ-V8 engine|Jaguar AJ-V8]]<br />[[Ford Modular engine|Ford Modular V8]]<br />[[Ford Yamaha V8 engine|Ford/Yamaha V8]]<br />[[Chrysler PowerTech engine|Chrysler PowerTech V8]]<br />[[Mercedes-Benz M113 engine|Mercedes-Benz M113/M115]]<br />[[BMW M62|BMW M62/S62]]<br />[[BMW N62]]<br />[[Toyota UZ engine|Toyota UZ]]<br />[[Nissan VH engine|Nissan VH]]<br />[[Nissan VK engine|Nissan VK]]
}}
The '''Premium V''' family of [[automobile]] [[piston engine|engines]] is [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]]' modern 90° [[v engine]] architecture. The family is most associated with [[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]]'s '''[[#Northstar|Northstar]]''' [[V8]], but the family has also seen use at [[Oldsmobile]] (as the '''[[#L47|Aurora L47]]''' V8 and '''[[#LX5|"Shortstar" LX5]]'''). The Oldsmobile variants are no longer in production, but the Northstar family has expanded with new [[longitudinal engine|longitudinal]] and 4.4&nbsp;L [[supercharged]] versions. The Northstar name is now used outside Cadillac as well, with the [[Pontiac]] and [[Buick]] versions now carrying that moniker. [[Alfa Romeo]] is rumored to be another future user of the Premium V in the [[United States|US]]-market [[Alfa Romeo Kamal|Kamal]].


{{General Motors}}
== Development and features ==
The Premium V design was initiated as a response to the advanced [[DOHC|dual overhead cam]] [[V8]] engines introduced by European and Japanese competitors of [[Cadillac]] in the late 1980s. At that time, Cadillac was using the aluminum ''[[Cadillac V8 engine#Aluminum OHV|HT]]'' [[pushrod engine|Overhead Valve]] (OHV) V8 which had been pushed hastily into production after the failure of the [[Cadillac V8 engine#368 and V8-6-4|V8-6-4]] of 1981.


[[Category:General Motors factories]]
Cadillac was developing new models like the [[Cadillac Allanté|Allanté]] and updated [[Cadillac Eldorado|Eldorado]] and [[Cadillac Seville|Seville STS]] which they hoped would compete against the best from [[BMW]], [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[Lexus]], and [[Infiniti]]. They developed a laundry list of items that must be included in these new models, including sophisticated steering, braking, and suspension technologies, which became known as the [[Northstar System]]. One key element was a high-tech V8 engine with all of the features and performance of the competitors' offerings.
[[Category:Isuzu]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle assembly plants in Poland]]


{{auto-company-stub}}
The "Northstar" V8, as it was then known, was an evolution of the  [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]]-designed  [[GM LT engine#LT5|Chevrolet LT5]] all-aluminum [[DOHC]] [[multi-valve|32-valve]] V8 used in the  [[Chevrolet Corvette C4#ZR-1|Corvette ZR-1]].  Archrival [[Ford Motor Company]] was developing a similar engine at that time as well, and Ford's [[Ford Modular engine|Modular engine]] would precede the Northstar into production with its introduction on the 1991 [[Lincoln Town Car]]. Both continue in production at 4.6&nbsp;L of displacement.
{{auto-factory-stub}}
 
Capable of producing {{Convert| 300|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, the Northstar featured a unique die-cast aluminum 90° V8 block with 102&nbsp;mm (4&nbsp;in) bore spacing split into unitary upper and lower halves. The lower crankcase assembly supported the crankshaft without conventional main bearing caps. An oil manifold plate with an integrated silicon gasket forms the oil gallery under this. A typical oil change used {{convert|8.5|U.S.qt|impqt|lk=on}}.
 
Cast-iron cylinder liners were specified and the forged aluminum pistons included valve clearance, making Northstar a non-interference engine, with bronze pin bushings and free-floating piston pins used.
 
The one-piece cast aluminum cylinder heads extend around the "maintenance-free" cam-drive chain case. Direct-acting hydraulic valves are used with a lubrication passage drilled through the cylinder head lengthwise. The intake valves are inclined at 25°, while the exhaust valves are canted to 7° with center-mounted platinum-tipped spark plugs. The cam covers were fabricated from magnesium for light weight.
 
Eight thermoplastic tubes were used in the induction system, leading to sequential fuel injection. Direct ignition was a novelty for the time, with an electronic system adjusting spark and fuel injection timing as well as the shift points for the new [[GM 4T80 transmission|4T80-E]] transmission.
 
One notable feature, advertised at the time, was the fail-safe cooling mode which allowed the engine to continue running for a limited time without any coolant at all. It alternated banks of cylinders, basically "air cooling" the inside of the cylinders, to maintain cool temperatures, allowing a Northstar-equipped car to be driven with no coolant for about 100&nbsp;mi (161&nbsp;km) with no damage.
 
Another unusual feature of some Northstar-equipped cars is a liquid-cooled alternator used on Cadillac's [[Cadillac Seville|Seville]], [[Cadillac DeVille|DeVille]], and [[Cadillac Eldorado|Eldorado]]. The liquid-cooling helped prolong the life of the alternator in these electronic-laden models, though GM reverted to a traditional air-cooled setup for 2001 to eliminate potential leak points and extraneous tubing.
 
All engines of this family share the same [[List of GM bellhousing patterns#Northstar pattern|Northstar bellhousing pattern]].
 
Later developments included [[variable valve timing]], which can vary intake by up to 40° and the exhaust by up to 50°. This system was devised for the [[longitudinal engine|longitudinal]] [[#LH2|LH2]] version, and has not, to date, been used on the transverse front wheel drive engines due to packaging considerations.
 
 
== Northstar ==
The engine was introduced in mid-1992 in the 1993 [[Cadillac Allanté]] and continues to be used in most Cadillac models. The original Northstar Allanté also introduced the '''[[Northstar System]]''' which included [[traction control]], [[adaptive suspension]], and [[antilock brakes]]. Early Northstar had no knock sensors, and required premium grade gasoline to run safely.
 
The Northstar was sold exclusively by Cadillac for over a decade before being introduced in the 2004 [[Pontiac Bonneville]] and 2006 [[Buick Lucerne]]. However, the 4.0L [[#L47|''L47'']] V8 variant was used in the [[Oldsmobile Aurora]] and the [[GM Premium V engine#LX5|3.5L ''LX5'']] V6 in the [[Oldsmobile Intrigue]]. The engine received a forged steel crankshaft in 2003. Cadillac had planned to introduce a [[V12]] Northstar this decade, likely for use in the [[Cadillac Escalade|Escalade]], but economics and new CAFE standards have killed this idea.
 
Most Northstar engines produce {{Convert|275|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} to {{Convert|315|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. The engines were revised for 2000 with [[coil-on-plug ignition]] and roller follower valvegear for improved [[fuel economy]] and reduced emissions. Though power output did not change, this update eliminated the need for premium fuel.
 
All but the supercharged Northstar displace {{Auto Lrev|279}} with a {{Auto mm|93}} bore and {{Auto mm|84}} stroke. For better head gasket sealing between cylinders, the [[supercharged]] version is de-bored to {{Auto mm|91}} for a total displacement of {{Auto Lrev|266}}. The block is said{{Who?|date=September 2008}} to be capable of expansion up to 5.4&nbsp;L, though no such engine has been produced.
 
The Northstar was on the [[Ward's 10 Best Engines]] list for 1995, 1996, and 1997.
 
=== L37 ===
The '''L37''' (VIN "9") was the original Northstar. It is tuned for responsiveness and power, while the later [[#LD8|LD8]] is designed for more sedate use. The L37 code has been used on all high-output [[transverse engine|transverse]] Northstars, even as the exact engine specifications evolved. Compression ratio for the L37 is 10:1, shared with the LD8.
 
The original L37 was specified at {{Convert|290|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, but 1993 production examples were rated at {{Convert|295|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. The engine topped out at {{Convert|300|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} from 1996 through 2004 on the [[Cadillac Seville|STS]], [[Cadillac Deville|DTS]] and [[Cadillac Eldorado|ETC]] models, making these some of the most powerful domestic front wheel drive cars ever built, the most powerful title still belonging to the 1970 [[Cadillac Eldorado]] {{Auto CID|500}} with {{Convert|400|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} (although the latter's rating is in the older [[SAE]] [[horsepower#SAE gross horsepower|gross horsepower]] system, figured without accessories or muffler, where the current engine outputs are as-installed, net ratings). For 2005 the high output Northstar became Northstar NHP, and was downrated to {{convert|290|hp|kW}} under the new [[Horsepower|SAE certified horsepower]] rating system. In 2006, the updated DTS "Performance Package" model got a slight bump to {{Convert|292|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}.
 
Vehicles using the L37 include:
{| class=wikitable
!Year
!Model
!Power
!Torque
|-
|1993||[[Cadillac Allanté]]||{{Convert|295|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}||{{Auto lbft|290}}
|-
|1993-1994||[[Cadillac Eldorado]] ''ETC''||{{Convert|295|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}||{{Auto lbft|290}}
|-
|1995–2002||[[Cadillac Eldorado]] ''ETC''||{{Convert|300|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} @ 6000&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|295}} @ 4400&nbsp;rpm
|-
|1993||[[Cadillac Seville]] ''STS''||{{Convert|295|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}||{{Auto lbft|290}}
|-
|1994–2004||[[Cadillac Seville]] ''STS''||{{Convert|300|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} @ 6000&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|295}} @ 4400&nbsp;rpm
|-
|1996–2004||[[Cadillac DeVille]] ''Concours/DTS''||{{Convert|300|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} @ 6000&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|295}} @ 4400 RPM
|-
|2005||[[Cadillac DeVille]] ''DTS''||{{Convert|290|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} @ 5600&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|285}} @ 4400&nbsp;rpm
|-
|2006–||[[Cadillac DTS]] ''Performance''||{{Convert|292|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} @ 6300&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|288}} @ 4500&nbsp;rpm
|-
|2008-||[[Buick Lucerne#The Lucerne Super|Buick Lucerne]] ''Super''||{{Convert|292|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} @ 6300&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|288}} @ 4500&nbsp;rpm
|}
 
=== LD8 ===
The '''LD8''' (VIN "Y") is a [[transverse engine|transverse]] [[V8]] for [[front-wheel drive]] cars. Introduced in 1994, it is designed to provide more torque than the high-revving [[#L37|L37]]. The LD8 code has been used on all torque-tuned [[transverse engine|transverse]] Northstars, even as the exact engine specifications evolved. Compression ratio is 10:1.
 
The 1998 revision is quieter than previous Northstar engines, due to hydraulic engine mounts, and performs better due to a tuned intake system.
 
Most LD8 Northstars are rated at {{Convert|275|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{Auto lbft|300}}.
 
{| class=wikitable
!Year
!Model
!Power
!Torque
|-
|1994||[[Cadillac Eldorado]]||{{Convert|270|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}||{{Auto lbft|300}}
|-
|1995–2001||[[Cadillac Eldorado]]||{{Convert|275|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5750&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|300}}
|-
|2002||[[Cadillac Eldorado]]||{{Convert|275|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5600&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|300}} at 4000&nbsp;rpm
|-
|1994||[[Cadillac Seville]] ''SLS''||{{Convert|270|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}||{{Auto lbft|300}}
|-
|1995–2001||[[Cadillac Seville]] ''SLS''||{{Convert|275|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}||{{Auto lbft|300}}
|-
|2002–2004||[[Cadillac Seville]] ''SLS''||{{Convert|275|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}||{{Auto lbft|300}}
|-
|1994||[[Cadillac DeVille]] ''Concours''||{{Convert|270|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}||{{Auto lbft|300}}
|-
|1995||[[Cadillac DeVille]] ''Concours''||{{Convert|275|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5750&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|300}}
|-
|1996–2001||[[Cadillac DeVille]]||{{Convert|275|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5750&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|300}}
|-
|2002–2005||[[Cadillac DeVille]]||{{Convert|275|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5600&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|300}} at 4000&nbsp;rpm
|-
|2006–||[[Cadillac DTS]]||{{Convert|275|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6000&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|295}} at 4400&nbsp;rpm
|-
|2004–2005||[[Pontiac Bonneville]] ''GXP''||{{Convert|275|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 5600&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|300}} at 4000&nbsp;rpm
|-
|2006–||[[Buick Lucerne]] ''CXS''||{{Convert|275|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6000&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|295}} at 4400&nbsp;rpm
|}
 
=== LH2 ===
The Northstar was designed originally for transverse [[front-wheel drive]] applications. It was modified substantially in 2004 for [[longitudinal engine|longitudinal]] [[rear-wheel drive|rear-]] and [[all-wheel drive]] use in the [[Cadillac SRX|SRX]] and [[Cadillac XLR|XLR]], as well as receiving variable valve timing. The RWD ('''LH2''') Northstar produces {{Convert|320|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{Auto lbft|315}}. An increased compression ratio of 10.5:1 enables most of the increase in power from the L37 and LD8 Northstars.
{| class=wikitable
!Year
!Model
!Power
!Torque
|-
|2004–||[[Cadillac SRX]]||{{Convert|320|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} @ 6400&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|315}} @ 4400&nbsp;rpm
|-
|2004–||[[Cadillac XLR]]||{{Convert|320|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} @ 6400&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|310}} @ 4400&nbsp;rpm
|-
|2004–||[[Cadillac STS]]||{{Convert|320|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} @ 6400&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|315}} @ 4400&nbsp;rpm
|}
 
===Supercharged LC3===
A {{Auto Lrev|266}} [[supercharged]] Northstar is used in the 2006 [[Cadillac STS|Cadillac STS-V]] and [[Cadillac XLR|Cadillac XLR-V]]. The bore was reduced for increased strength and improved head gasket sealing. [[Variable valve timing]] is used on both the intake and exhaust sides. The STS-V engine produces {{Convert|469|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6400 RPM and {{Auto lbft|439}} at 3900&nbsp;rpm with 9:1 compression and the XLR-V engine produces {{Convert|443|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6400 RPM and {{Auto lbft|414}} at 3900&nbsp;rpm.
 
{| class=wikitable
!Year
!Model
!Power
!Torque
|-
|2006–||[[Cadillac STS|Cadillac STS-V]]||{{Convert|469|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6400&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|439}} at 3900&nbsp;rpm
|-
|2006–||[[Cadillac XLR|Cadillac XLR-V]]||{{Convert|443|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6400&nbsp;rpm||{{Auto lbft|414}} at 3900&nbsp;rpm
|}
 
== L47 ==
[[Image:4.0 L V8 Aurora.jpg|200px|thumb|A ''L47'' inside an [[Oldsmobile Aurora|Aurora's]] engine bay]]The '''L47 Aurora engine''' was a special [[V8]] designed for the [[Oldsmobile Aurora]], based on the Northstar engine. It is a [[DOHC]] {{auto cc|3995}} V8 which produced 250&nbsp;[[horsepower]] (186&nbsp;kW) and 260&nbsp;ft·lbf (353&nbsp;N·m) of [[torque]]. The bore is 87&nbsp;mm and the stroke is 84&nbsp;mm. The L47 has a 10.3:1 compression ratio and uses premium fuel.
 
Although most of the Northstar's features, including the coolant loss system, remained intact, the decreased bore increased weight unacceptably. To reduce it, Oldsmobile used a one-piece glass-filled thermoplastic intake manifold and simplified [[Rochester Products Division|AC Rochester]] sequential fuel injection. A new die-cast structural aluminum oil pan incorporated baffling to reduce oil starvation in hard driving. A starter interlock prevents the starter from engaging if the quiet L47 is already running.
 
A highly modified version of this engine was used by General Motors racing division initially for [[Indy Racing League]] competition starting in 1995, then was later used in the [[Cadillac Northstar LMP]] program in 2000.  Both engines retained the 4.0&nbsp;L capacity, but the Northstar LMP version was twin-turbocharged.
 
The Aurora was also used in the [[Shelby Series 1]] car.
 
The Aurora engine was introduced in 1994 for the 1995 model year, and [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] has not used this engine since the demise of the [[marque]] in 2004.
 
== LX5 ==
[[Image:3.5L V6 Shortstar.jpg|200px|thumb|A "''Shortstar''" LX5 inside an [[Oldsmobile Intrigue|Intrigue's]] engine bay]]
The '''LX5''' [[V6]] is a [[DOHC]] engine from [[Oldsmobile]], introduced in 1999 with the [[Oldsmobile Intrigue]]. It was produced by the ''Premium'' engine group at GM and was thus called the Premium V6, or '''PV6''', while it was being developed. It is based on the [[GM L47 engine|L47 Aurora]] [[V8]], which is itself based on the Northstar engine, so engineers called it the '''Short North''', though Oldsmobile fans have taken to calling it the '''Shortstar'''.
 
It is not a simple cut-down V8. Although it has a 90° vee-angle like the Northstar and Aurora, the engine block was engineered from scratch, so bore centers are different. It has chain-driven [[dual overhead cam]]s and 4 valves per cylinder, but is an even-firing design with a split-pin crankshaft similar to the modern [[GM 3800 engine]]s. The LX5 displaced {{auto cc|3473}} and produced 215&nbsp;hp (160&nbsp;kW) and 230&nbsp;ft·lbf (312&nbsp;N·m). Bore is {{convert|89.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} and stroke is {{convert|92|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Compression ratio is 9.3:1.
 
The cost of building this engine was high, and it was not used in many vehicles. It was said at the time that a family of premium V6s would follow, with displacements ranging from 3.3&nbsp;L to 3.7&nbsp;L, but only the LX5 was ever produced. It was entirely different from any other V6 in the GM inventory, and as with the Aurora V8, production stopped with the demise of [[Oldsmobile]].
 
This engine was used in the following:
* 1999-2002 [[Oldsmobile Intrigue]]
* 2001-2002 [[Oldsmobile Aurora]]
 
The 3.5L LX5 was on the [[Ward's 10 Best Engines]] list for 1999 and 2000.
 
== References ==
* {{cite journal|title=Technical Highlights|journal=[[Car and Driver]]|pages=115|issue=October 1993}}
* {{cite journal|title=Northstar is heart of Allante re-do for '93 - V-8 engine, General Motors' Cadillac Motor Car Div.'s new model roadster|journal=[[Ward's Auto World]]|author=Joel D. Pietrangelo|issue=February 1992}}
 
== See also ==
* [[GM High Feature engine]]
* [[Cadillac V8 engine]]
* [[List of GM engines]]
 
== External links ==
* [http://www.autospeed.com/cms/A_1569/article.html Technical article from AutoSpeed]
* [http://waw.wardsauto.com/ar/auto_general_motors_corp_3 Ward's article]
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Northstar}}
[[Category:Cadillac engines]]
[[Category:GM engines]]
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