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| This is a '''list of GM engines''', or more specifically a list of [[engine]] designs that '''[[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]]''' has used in its various products.
| | [[Image:Olds Motor Works 4a18686r.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Olds Motor Works, about 1910]] |
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| ==Divisions==
| | '''Lansing Car Assembly''' was a [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] [[automobile]] factory in [[Lansing, Michigan]]. It contained two elements, a 1901 automobile plant in downtown Lansing, and the 1920 [[Durant Motors]] factory on Lansing's Far Westside. |
| From its founding in 1908, GM allowed each of its divisions (including overseas units like [[Opel]] and [[Holden]]) almost complete autonomy in the design and engineering of their various vehicle lines, so long as they fit within the GM hierarchy. Thus, each division (with only a few exceptions) maintained separate and distinct engine designs for many decades.
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| By the 1970s, GM began to see problems with this approach. For instance, four different North American divisions ([[Chevrolet]], [[Pontiac]], [[Oldsmobile]] and [[Buick]]) offered four completely different versions of a 350 cu in V8 engine - very few parts would interchange between the four designs despite their visual similarities, resulting in confusion for owners who (quite naturally) assumed that replacement parts would be usable across the board. In addition to these issues and the obvious overlap in production costs, the cost of certifying so many different engines for tightening worldwide emissions regulations threatened to become very expensive.
| | The Lansing plant was the longest-operating automobile factory in the United States when it closed on [[May 6]], [[2005]], and one of [[General Motors]] last assembly plants where vehicle bodies were made at one plant, and then trucked to another plant to be finished.<ref name="lsj.com">[http://www.lsj.com/news/business/p_020614_harbour_1a-7a.html Lansing GM plant ranks 1st in report, by Lori Hayes/Lansing State Journal, published June 14, 2002]</ref> General Motors began demolition of the plant in the spring of 2006, and demolition was completed in 2007. A new plant at nearby [[Delta Charter Township, Michigan|Delta Township]] took its place when it began production in 2006. |
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| Thus, by the early 1980s, GM had consolidated its powertrain engineering efforts into a few distinct lines. Generally, North American and European ([[GM Europe]]) engineering units remained separate, with Australia's [[Holden]] and other global divisions borrowing designs from one or the other as needed. GM also worked out sharing agreements with other manufacturers like [[Isuzu]] and [[Nissan]] to fill certain gaps in engineering. Similarly, the company also purchased other automotive firms (like [[Saab Automobile]] and [[GM Daewoo|Daewoo Motor]]), eventually folding their engine designs into the corporate portfolio as well.
| | ==History== |
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| Besides GM's core business of automobiles and trucks, the company also maintained several divisions specializing in heavy-duty or industrial engines. These included [[Detroit Diesel]], [[Allison Engine Company|Allison]], and [[Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive]]. All three produced high-capacity powerplants in a wide variety of types and sizes, most totally unrelated to the automotive divisions. GM eventually spun these divisions off to focus solely on its core business, but the engines they designed while under GM's control are included in this list to illustrate the company's level of engineering ability.
| | Lansing Car Assembly (LCA) began in 1901 when [[Ransom E. Olds]] moved his [[Oldsmobile|Olds Motor Works]] to the city. He set up his plant on the site of the [[fair]]grounds next to the [[Grand River (Michigan)|Grand River]]. This plant in downtown Lansing would later be known as Lansing Car Assembly - Chassis Plant. |
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| ==Names== | | ==Lansing Car Assembly - Body Shop (Plant #6)== |
| In recent years, GM (like many other auto manufacturers) has begun to use specific brand names to market their engines. As a consequence of this, many different families of GM engines use names such as EcoTec and [[GM Vortec engine|Vortec]], even though they may have little or nothing to do with each other from an engineering perspective. (For example, the [[GM Vortec engine#2200|Vortec 2200]] and [[GM Vortec engine#2800|Vortec 2800]] are both inline four-cylinder engines, but they share no parts with each other; additionally, the 2200's basic design predates that of the 2800 by over two decades.)
| | The plant along Verlinden Avenue, on Lansing's border with [[Lansing Charter Township, Michigan|Lansing Township]], opened in 1920 as a factor for Durant Motor Works. After the demise of Durant, it remained closed until GM purchased it in 1935. It restarted production for GM's [[Fisher Body]] division, later becoming the [[Buick]]-[[Oldsmobile]]-[[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]] factory. Its final name was Lansing Car Assembly - Body Plant. |
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| On the other hand, some of GM's earliest engine designs (from the company's 1908 founding through the 1930s) have gained [[colloquialism|colloquial]] [[nickname]]s over the years that have reached a level of common usage. The most famous of these may be [[Chevrolet]]'s [[Chevrolet Straight-6 engine|"Stovebolt"]] six-cylinder engine. Other names were used in a semi-formal context, like [[Pontiac]]'s [[Pontiac Straight-8 engine|Silver Streak]] eight-cylinder (Pontiac models carrying this engine often had "Silver Streak" badges or decorations on their bodies, but the engine itself was never officially referred to as such).
| | The last cars that Lansing Car Assembly produced were the [[Chevrolet Malibu]]/[[Chevrolet Classic]], [[Oldsmobile Alero]], and [[Pontiac Grand Am]], which was the final vehicle built there. The plant built the very last [[Oldsmobile]]. |
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| ==Coding==
| | LCA was regularly ranked among the most productive automobile assembly plants in [[North America]]. In 2002, it was ranked the number one most productive assembly plant in [[North America]] by The Harbour Report, the auto industry's leading measurement of plant efficiency.<ref name="lsj.com"/> |
| Within its regional units around the world, GM has traditionally used two different coding methods to identify their engines. Specific codes will not be discussed here, but a breakdown of how they work may be useful for research within individual engine family articles linked to this list.
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| ===North America=== | | ==Lansing Car Assembly - Main Plant (Plant #1)== |
| Since the 1970s, GM's North American divisions have used three-digit [[Regular Production Option|RPO]] ('''R'''egular '''P'''roduction '''O'''ption) codes to identify specific equipment on their various lines of vehicles. RPO codes relating to engines generally begin with an "L"; hence many GM engines have become commonly associated with a particular RPO code - the "L88" V8, "LK5" inline-4, "LX5" V6, etc.
| | The main plant was located in downtown [[Lansing, Michigan]] located along Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard/Logan Street at the [[Grand River (Michigan)|Grand River]]. It sat on the original site of the Michigan State Fairgrounds. The plant also included the unique '''Lansing GM Building 150''' which sat in between north and sounthbound Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard bridges. |
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| There is no specific rationale for which combination of letters or numbers are used after the initial "L" digit, and it should be noted that (despite thousands of possible combinations) GM has reused many different codes over the years. This can sometimes lead to confusion, especially when engines of similar design use the same codes. (For instance, "LS6" can refer to two totally different Chevrolet V8 engines in both the older [[Chevrolet Big-Block engine|Chevrolet "big-block"]] family and the newer [[GM LS engine|LS]] family.)
| | It featured two separate assembly lines. Partially completed vehicles were transported by truck from the Body Plant to either the North Line "M" or the South Line "C" for completion. Upon completion, cars were driven off the assembly line and over northbound Martin Luther King, Jr. using a skybridge. After final inspection, the cars were placed in staging yards to either be shipped by truck or by rail. |
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| ===Worldwide (outside North America)===
| | The first factory on site opened in 1902 as part of Olds Motor Works, and became part of General Motors when they bought that company out in 1908. The complex was closed in 2005, finally being demolished in 2007. Harbour Consulting rated it as the sixth most efficient auto plant in North America in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060602/AUTO01/606020394/1148|title=Efficient auto factories aren't spared the ax|work=[[Detroit News]]|accessmonthday=June 2 |accessyear=2006}}</ref> |
| Led by [[GM Europe]], the company's units outside of North America began using a more organized [[SKU]]-style coding system during the 1980s to classify engines used within their own set of divisions. Though there are some differences, it is a similar style to that used by manufacturers like [[Honda]] or [[Nissan]] and easily indicates several different criteria of a given engine for quick identification. Depending on the engine's particular level of tuning or complexity, codes may range from four to six digits in length.
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| An example code for a specific [[gasoline]] ([[petrol]]) engine is "C20LET". In this case, "C" indicates use of a [[catalytic converter]], "20" indicates displacement of 2.0 liters, "L" indicates a [[compression ratio]] of 8.5:1 to 9.0:1, "E" indicates use of electronic multi-point [[fuel injection]], and "T" indicates use of a [[turbocharger]]. Codes for [[diesel]] engines are largely similar.
| | ==Products== |
| | | * [[Pontiac Grand Am]] |
| ==Gasoline piston engines==
| | * [[Chevrolet Malibu]] |
| ===Two-cylinder engines===
| | * [[Oldsmobile Alero]] |
| ====Straight (inline) two====
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| * 1903-1911 '''Buick twin''' (acquired during the founding of GM)
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| * 1909 '''Oakland twin''' (acquired via GM's purchase of [[Oakland (automobile)|Oakland Motor Car]])
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| ===Three-cylinder engines===
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| ====Straight (inline) three====
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| * 1991-present '''[[Daewoo S-TEC engine|Daewoo S-TEC three]]''' (acquired via GM's 2002 purchase of [[GM Daewoo|Daewoo Motor]])
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| * 1996-present '''[[GM Family 0 engine|GM Family 0 three]]''' (marketed as '''EcoTec''')
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| ====External (non-GM) designs====
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| * 1984-present '''[[Suzuki G engine|Suzuki G three]]''' (used in several models built for GM by [[Suzuki]])
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| ===Four-cylinder engines===
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| ====Straight (inline) four====
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| [[Image:1917 Cadillac.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Cadillac four engine]][[Image:91-900-2,1.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Saab H four engine]][[Image:Car show 013.jpg|right|thumb|150px|GM Family 1 four engine]]
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| * 1905-1914 '''Cadillac four''' (acquired as part of the founding of GM)
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| * 1905-1923 '''Oldsmobile four''' (acquired as part of the founding of GM)
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| * 1906-1918 '''Buick four''' (acquired as part of the founding of GM)
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| * 1906-1916 '''Oakland four''' (acquired as part of the founding of GM)
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| * 1913-1928 '''[[Chevrolet Straight-4 engine|Chevrolet four]]''' (acquired as part of [[Chevrolet]]'s takeover of, and merger into, GM)
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| * 1923 '''Chevrolet Copper-Cooled four'''
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| * 1930s-1965 '''Opel four''' (as used in large Opels like the [[Opel Olympia|Olympia]]; acquired via GM's purchase of [[Opel|Adam Opel]])
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| * 1960-1963 '''Pontiac Indy Four''' (derived from the '''[[Pontiac V8 engine#195|Pontiac V8]]''')
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| * 1961-1970 '''Chevrolet 153''' (derived from the '''[[Chevrolet Straight-6 engine#153|Chevrolet six]]''')
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| * 1962-1993 '''[[Opel OHV engine|Opel OHV four]]''' (as used in small Opels like the [[Opel Kadett|Kadett]])
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| * 1970-1977 '''[[GM 2300 engine|GM 2300]]'''
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| * 1976-1993 '''[[GM Iron Duke engine|GM Iron Duke]]'''
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| * 1981-2003 '''[[GM 122 engine|GM OHV four]]''' (marketed as '''[[GM Vortec engine#2200|Vortec]]''' in truck models)
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| * 1979-present '''[[GM Family II engine|GM Family II]]''' (marketed as '''EcoTec''', '''D-TEC''' or '''E-TEC''' depending on brand)
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| * 1981-present '''[[Saab H engine|Saab H]]''' (acquired via GM's 1990 purchase of [[Saab Automobile]])
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| * 1987-2001 '''[[GM Quad-4 engine|GM Quad-4]]''' ("Twin Cam")
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| * 1990-2002 '''[[Saturn I4 engine|Saturn four]]'''(1.9L DOHC or SOHC)
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| * 1991-present '''[[Daewoo S-TEC engine|Daewoo S-TEC four]]''' (acquired via GM's 2002 purchase of [[GM Daewoo|Daewoo Motor]])
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| * 1996-present '''[[GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 four]]''' (marketed as '''EcoTec''', '''D-TEC''' or '''E-TEC''' depending on brand)
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| * 1996-present '''[[GM Family 0 engine|GM Family 0 four]]''' (marketed as '''EcoTec''')
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| * 2003-present '''[[GM Atlas engine|GM Atlas four]]''' (marketed as '''Vortec''')
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| ====External (non-GM) designs====
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| * 1978-present '''[[Toyota A engine|Toyota A]]''' (used in several models built for GM by [[NUMMI]])
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| * 1989-present '''[[Subaru EJ engine|Subaru EJ]]''' (used in the [[Saab 9-2X]])
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| * 1997-present '''[[Toyota ZZ engine|Toyota ZZ]]''' (used in several models built for GM by [[NUMMI]])
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| ===Five-cylinder engines===
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| ====Straight (inline) five====
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| [[Image:GMC Canyon Vortec 3500 engine.jpg|right|thumb|150px|GM Atlas five engine]]
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| * 2003-present '''[[GM Atlas engine|GM Atlas five]]''' (marketed as '''Vortec''')
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| ===Six-cylinder engines===
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| ====Straight (inline) six====
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| [[Image:1929 Chevrolet 2-door sedan engine.JPG|right|thumb|150px|Chevrolet "Stovebolt" six engine]]
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| * 1908-1912 '''Oldsmobile Limited six''' (acquired as part of the founding of GM)
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| * 1913-1923 '''Oakland Series 60 six'''
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| * 1913-1915 '''Oldsmobile Series 50 six'''
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| * 1914-1916 '''Buick Series 50 six'''
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| * 1916-1923 '''Buick Series 40 six'''
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| * 1916-1927 '''Oldsmobile Series 30 six'''
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| * 1923-1930 '''Buick "removable-head" six'''
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| * 1923-1928 '''Oakland six'''
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| * 1926-1927 '''[[Pontiac Straight-6 engine|Pontiac "split-head" six]]''' (also modified for GMC Truck models)
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| * 1928–1936 '''[[Chevrolet Straight-6 engine#1929 Stovebolt era|Chevrolet "Stovebolt" six]]'''
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| * 1928-1950 '''[[Oldsmobile Straight-6 engine|Oldsmobile F-Series six]]''' (also used in [[Buick Marquette|Marquette]])
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| * 1928–1954 '''[[Pontiac Straight-6 engine#1930s|Pontiac GMR six]]''' (also modified for GMC Truck models)
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| * 1930s-1966 '''Opel OHV six''' (as used in large Opels like the [[Opel Kapitän|Kapitän]])
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| * 1936–1962 '''[[Chevrolet Straight-6 engine#1937|Chevrolet Blue Flame six]]''' (also used in some GMC Truck models)
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| * 1939–1962 '''[[GMC Straight-6 engine|GMC Truck six]]'''
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| * 1948-1985 '''Holden six''' (see note below)
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| * 1962–1990s '''[[Chevrolet Straight-6 engine#Generation 3|Chevrolet "Generation 3" six]]'''
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| * 1963–1969 '''[[Pontiac Straight-6 engine#215 OHV|Pontiac Tempest six]]''' (derived from the '''[[Chevrolet Straight-6 engine#Generation 3|Chevrolet "Generation 3" six]]''')
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| * 1966–1993 '''[[Opel Straight-6 engine|Opel]]'''
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| * 1999-present '''Daewoo XK six''' (marketed as '''E-TEC'''; acquired via GM's purchase of Daewoo Motor)
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| * 2001–present '''[[GM Atlas engine|GM Atlas six]]''' (marketed as '''Vortec''')
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| [[Holden]] in Australia used straight-6 engines for a number of years in their family sedan models, with local engines ranging in size from 2.15L (132ci) in the original [[Holden 48-215]] of 1948, to the 3.3L (202ci) six used in the 1970s and 80s, up until 1985 with the [[Holden VK Commodore|VK Commodore]]. These engines were color-coded, often being referred to by the color of their engine block (grey, red, blue, black). These home-grown engines were replaced in the 1986 [[Holden VL Commodore|VL Commodore]] to coincide with new [[gasoline#additives|unleaded fuel]] requirements in Australia. Since the old engine was considered unsuitable, and a new engine hadn't been developed, the VL Commodore sported [[Nissan]]'s [[Nissan RB engine#RB30|RB30]] engine, the last straight six ever used in a Commodore.
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| ====Horizontally-opposed (flat) six====
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| [[Image:Chevrolet Corvair 164 Turbo engine.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Chevrolet Corvair six engine]]
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| * 1959-1969 '''[[Chevrolet Corvair engine|Chevrolet Corvair six]]''' (marketed as '''Turbo-Air''')
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| ====V6====
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| [[Image:Buick lesabre engine 1.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Buick V6 engine]]
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| General Motors was the pioneer of [[V6]] engines in the United States, with both the first V6 engine in an American truck (GMC models of 1960) and an American car (the Buick Special of 1961). The company later lost interest in the V6 concept, and sold the Buick design to [[Kaiser-Jeep]] in 1967. In the midst of the fuel crisis of the 1970s, GM realized that a V6 engine would be an excellent alternative to bulky [[straight-6|inline six]] and [[V8]] engines, so the company bought the design back and launched what would eventually become the familiar [[Buick V6 engine|3800 V6]] line. From that point on, the company has continued to introduce ever more advanced designs around the world, culminating in the most recent [[GM High Feature engine|High Feature]] engines.
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| * 1960-2008 '''[[Buick V6 engine|Buick V6]]''' (originally marketed as '''Fireball''', now commonly known as '''3800''')
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| * 1960-1978 '''[[GMC V6 engine|GMC V6]]'''
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| * 1977-present '''Chevrolet V6''' (derived from the '''[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine|Chevrolet "small-block" V8]]'''; now '''[[GM Vortec engine#V6|GM Vortec V6]]''')
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| * 1979-present '''[[GM 60-Degree V6 engine|GM 60-Degree V6]]'''
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| * 1994-2005 '''[[GM 54-Degree V6 engine|GM 54-Degree V6]]'''
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| * 1998-2002 '''[[GM Premium V engine|GM Premium V6]]'''
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| * 2003-present '''[[GM High Value engine|GM High Value V6]]'''
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| * 2004-present '''[[GM High Feature engine|GM High Feature V6]]'''
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| ====External (non-GM) designs====
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| * 1985-2002 '''[[Nissan RB engine|Nissan RB six]]''' (used in various Holden models)
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| * 1995-present '''[[Suzuki H engine|Suzuki H V6]]''' (used in several models built for GM by Suzuki)
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| * 1996-present '''[[Honda J engine|Honda J V6]]''' (used in the [[Saturn Vue]])
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| ===Eight-cylinder engines===
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| ====Straight (inline) eight====
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| [[Image:Pontiac Straight-8.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Pontiac Silver Streak eight engine]]
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| * 1930-1936 '''[[Buick Straight-8 engine|Buick eight]]'''
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| * 1932-1948 '''[[Oldsmobile Straight-8 engine|Oldsmobile eight]]'''
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| * 1932-1954 '''[[Pontiac Straight-8 engine|Pontiac Silver Streak eight]]'''
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| * 1934-1936 '''LaSalle eight''' (possibly derived from the '''[[Oldsmobile Straight-8 engine|Oldsmobile eight]]''')
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| * 1936-1953 '''[[Buick Straight-8 engine|Buick Fireball eight]]'''
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| ====V8====
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| [[Image:Rocket v8.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Oldsmobile Rocket V8 engine]][[Image:2006 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 LS7 engine.jpg|right|thumb|150px|GM LS V8 engine]]
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| From the 1950s through the 1970s, each GM division had its own V8 engine family. Many were shared among other divisions, but each design is most closely associated with its own division. Today, there are only two types of V8 engines still produced by GM for use in road vehicles: the [[GM LS engine|Generation IV small-block]] and Cadillac's advanced [[DOHC]] V8, the [[GM Premium V engine#Northstar|Northstar]].
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| * 1914-1935 '''[[Cadillac V8 engine#L-Head|Cadillac Type 51 V8]]''' (also used in [[LaSalle]] models) | |
| * 1915-1917 '''Oakland Model 50 V8'''
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| * 1915-1923 '''Oldsmobile Model 40 V8'''
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| * 1917-1918 '''Chevrolet Series D V8''' (acquired as part of Chevrolet's takeover of, and merger into, GM)
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| * 1929-1931 '''Viking V8'''
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| * 1930-1932 '''Oakland V8''' (used in [[Pontiac]] models during the final year)
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| * 1935-1948 '''[[Cadillac V8 engine#L-Head|Cadillac Series 60 V8]]''' (also used in LaSalle models)
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| * 1948-1967 '''[[Cadillac V8 engine#OHV|Cadillac OHV V8]]'''
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| * 1967-1984 '''[[Cadillac V8 engine#World's_largest|Cadillac "new" V8]]'''
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| * 1981-1995 '''[[Cadillac V8 engine#Aluminum_OHV|Cadillac HT V8]]'''
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| * 1948-1990 '''[[Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile Rocket V8]]'''
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| * 1952-1980 '''[[Buick V8 engine|Buick Fireball V8]]'''
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| * 1954-2003 '''[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine|Chevrolet "small-block" V8]]''' (originally "Turbo-Fire", now referred to as GM Generation I; see also [[GM Vortec engine]])
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| * 1954-1980 '''[[Pontiac V8 engine|Pontiac V8]]''' (also modified for GMC Truck models)
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| * 1958-1965 '''[[Chevrolet Big-Block engine|Chevrolet W V8]]''' (also referred to as "Turbo-Thrust")
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| * 1961-1963 '''[[Buick V8 engine#215|GM Aluminum V8]]''' (now better known as the [[Rover V8 engine|Rover V8]])
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| * 1966-1970s '''[[GMC V8 engine|GMC Truck V8]]''' (derived from the '''[[GMC V6 engine|GMC V6]]''')
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| * 1965-present '''[[Chevrolet Big-Block engine#Generation 2:_Mark_IV_Series|Chevrolet "big-block" V8]]''' (originally "Turbo-Jet"; see also [[GM Vortec engine]]) | |
| * 1991-present '''[[GM Premium V engine|GM Northstar V8]]''' (also known as the [[Oldsmobile Aurora|Aurora]] V8)
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| * 1992-1997 '''[[GM LT engine|GM LT V8]]''' (also referred to as Generation II; derived from Small-Block V8)
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| * 1996-present '''[[GM LS engine|GM LS V8]]''' (referred to as Generation III or IV, depending on type; derived fron LT V8; see also [[GM Vortec engine]])
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| * 1996-present '''[[GM Vortec engine#V8|GM Vortec V8]]''' (derived from Small-Block, LS, and Big-Block engines)
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| ===Multi-cylinder engines===
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| ====V12====
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| [[Image:1931Cadillac370AcoupeV12-engine.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Cadillac Twelve engine]]
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| * 1930-1937 '''[[Cadillac V16 engine#V12|Cadillac Twelve]]''' (derived from the '''[[Cadillac V16 engine|Cadillac Sixteen]]''')
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| * 1931-1944 '''[[Allison V-1710]]''' (aviation engine)
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| * 1960s-1966 '''[[GMC V6 engine|GMC Twin Six]]''' (derived from the '''[[GMC V6 engine|GMC V6]]''')
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| Several other V12 engines, designed for use in Cadillac models, have been proposed by GM over the years but have not yet managed to reach series production.
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| ====V16====
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| * 1930-1937 '''[[Cadillac V16 engine#Series 452|Cadillac Sixteen OHV]]'''
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| * 1937-1940 '''[[Cadillac V16 engine#Series 90|Cadillac Sixteen L-Head]]'''
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| As with the V12, Cadillac has recently considered production of a modern V16 as well, but has not gotten beyond production of prototypes and one well-regarded [[Cadillac Sixteen|concept vehicle]] supporting the idea.
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| ====W24====
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| * 1937-1944 '''[[Allison V-3420]]''' (aviation engine; derived from the '''[[Allison V-1710]]''')
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| ==Diesel piston engines==
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| ''This list may be incomplete.''
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| ===GM designs===
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| [[Image:Shop engines.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Detroit Diesel Series 92 engines]]
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| GM diesels stem from the acquisition of [[Winton (automobile)|Winton Engine Corporation]] in 1930. Winton was based in Cleveland, and initial production continued in that city. These were mid-sized engines. The main customer of Winton was the [[Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro Motive Corporation]], the pioneering producer of diesel-electic locomotives. GM acquired Electro Motive at roughly the same time as Winton. These two companies were merged to became the Electro Motive Division (EMD) of GM in 1941, which was responsible for locomotive production and engine design. A further division, the [[Cleveland Diesel Engine Division]], was responsible for submarine, marine and stationary versions of the EMD engines. Finally, in 1937 GM set up a third diesel division in Detroit, the [[Detroit Diesel]] Engine Division. The Electro Motive Division was responsible for mid- and large-displacement engines (over 150 cubic inches per cylinder) while the Detroit Diesel Division was responsible for small-displacement engines (50 through 149 cubic inches displacement). The Canadian market was served by a single company, [[General Motors Diesel]], which produced versions of the EMD and Detroit engines.
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| * 1920s-1939 '''Winton 201-A''' (industrial engine; acquired via GM's 1930 purchase of [[Winton Engine Company|Winton Engine]] and [[Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive]])
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| * 1938-1966 '''[[EMD 567]]''' (industrial engine)
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| * 1938-1980s '''[[Series 71|GM Diesel Series 71]]''' (now better known as a Detroit Diesel product)
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| * 1945-1965 '''[[Detroit Diesel 110|GM Diesel Series 110]]'''
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| * 1950-1955 '''[[Series 51|GM Diesel Series 51]]'''
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| * 1957-1990s '''[[Series 53|GM Diesel Series 53]]'''
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| * 1960s-1970s '''GMC Toro-Flow''' (derived from the '''[[GMC V6 engine|GMC V6]]''')
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| * 1960s-1980s '''[[Series 149|GM Diesel Series 149]]''' (now better known as a Detroit Diesel product)
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| * 1965-1980s '''[[EMD 645]]''' (industrial engine)
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| * 1974-present '''[[Series 92|Detroit Diesel Series 92]]'''
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| * 1977-1985 '''Oldsmobile Diesel'''
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| * 1981-2000 '''[[Detroit Diesel V8 engine|Detroit Diesel V8]]'''
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| * 1984-present '''[[EMD 710]]''' (industrial engine)
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| * 1980s-present '''[[Detroit Diesel 60|Detroit Diesel Series 60]]'''
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| * 1988-present '''[[Circle L engine|Isuzu Circle L]]''' (marketed as '''EcoTec DTi'''; acquired via GM's 2003 takeover of [[DMAX (engines)|DMAX)]]
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| * 1998-present '''[[EMD 265]]''' (industrial engine)
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| * 2000-present '''[[Duramax V8 engine|DMAX Duramax V8]]''' (acquired via GM's 2003 takeover of DMAX)
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| * 2002-present '''[[DMAX V6 engine|DMAX V6]]''' (acquired via GM's 2003 takeover of DMAX)
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| ===External (non-GM) designs===
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| * 1997-present '''[[JTD engine|Fiat JTD]]''' (marketed as '''EcoTec CDTi''' or '''TiD''' depending on brand; used via a sharing agreement between [[Fiat]] and GM)
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| * 2000s-present '''[[List of VM Motori engines#RA_420|VM Motori]]''' RA 420 (marketed as '''EcoTec CDTi''' or '''VCDi''' depending on brand)
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| ==Jet engines==
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| ''This list may be incomplete.''
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| ===Propfan===
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| * '''Allison 578-DX'''
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| ===Turboprop===
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| * 1953-1955 '''[[Allison T40]]'''
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| ===Turboshaft===
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| * 1954-present '''[[Allison T56]]''' or '''501-D''' (now better known as a [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] product)
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| * 1960s-present '''[[Allison 250]]''' (now better known as a Rolls-Royce product)
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| ===Turbojet===
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| * 1944-1959 '''[[Allison J33]]''' (originally developed by [[General Electric]] and transferred to GM for production)
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| * 1946-1955 '''[[Allison J35]]''' (originally developed by General Electric and transferred to GM for production) | |
| * 1948-1958 '''[[Allison J71]]'''
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| ==Notes on GM's automotive diesel history==
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| In the face of the [[1979 energy crisis|1970's 'gas crisis']], GM turned to Diesel power for economic benefit, directing the [[Oldsmobile]] division to develop a [[V6]] and two [[V8]] engines, to be shared with all divisions.
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| These Diesel engines were designed to fit into the engine bays of gasoline powered automobiles, but despite popular belief, they were not "converted" gasoline engines. Oldsmobile's diesel engines, the 5.7 L ''[[Oldsmobile V8 engine#LF9|LF9]]'' and 4.3 L ''[[Oldsmobile V8 engine#LF7|LF7]]'' V8s and 4.3 L ''[[Oldsmobile Diesel V6 engine|LT6/LT7/LS2]]'' V6, were notoriously unreliable, particularly in the earliest versions, though reliability had improved by the early 1980s with the advent of the DX block, along with better fuel filtering and water separators. By the early 80s,the 5.7L diesel was a fairly reliable engine with the introduction of the rollerized camshaft/roller lifter combination and had many improved enhancements that the late 70's 5.7L diesel engines did not have. Many of the reliability issues these engines developed were a combination of faults not just related to design. Many of these engines suffered major malfunctions from poor quality fuel, mechanics not properly trained in diesel repair, and even improper owner service and maintenance. Although over one million were sold between 1978 and 1985, the failure rate of GM's engines ruined the reputation of Diesel engines not just built by GM, but overall in the United States market. Eventually, a [[class action]] lawsuit resulted in an arbitration system under the supervision of the [[Federal Trade Commission]] where consumers could claim 80% of the original cost of the engine in the event of a failure.
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| The Oldsmobile 5.7 liter engines experienced a wide gamut of malfunctions. One of the common failures was with crankshaft bearings. This was frequently attributed to owners and maintainers running the engines on SG rated oil (intended for gasoline engines), versus CD oil (intended for Diesel engines). This prompted GM to introduce the DX block which then allowed extended oil change intervals to {{convert|5000|mi|km|-2}}. D block engines required frequent oil change intervals because of the friction created between the typical flat tappet camshaft and hydraulic lifters. When the oil change interval was ignored,excessive wear was placed upon the camshaft and lifters. In 1981 when the DX block was introduced, the rollerized camshaft and roller lifters did away with any possibility of worn camshaft lobes because of reduced friction. These engines also suffered from blown head gaskets, warped heads, bad injector pumps, and bad injectors. The beginnings of these problems can be attributed to poor quality diesel fuel that may have contained water or other contaminants. These materials would damage the inside of the injector pump, and then eventually clog injectors. If water was injected into the engine or leaked in from the coolant system, it could cause a "hydrolock" which would blow head gaskets and bend valves / connecting rods because water is incompressible. Water in the fuel also causes the injectors to rust internally, affecting injection timing and causing the engine to run excessively hot, which can warp heads. This was the reason GM equipped later cars with water detectors and double filtration systems on their vehicles.
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| Torque-to-yield fastners - which stretch and can only be used once, but provide higher clamping force than traditional head bolts - were used to retain the Diesel cylinder heads. When a hapless owner took the vehicle in for repair, the mechanic would resurface the head, making it thinner, install a new head gasket, and then reuse the old, stretched-out fasteners. It would not be but a few thousand miles, and the vehicle was in the shop again for head gasket failure or a warped head. Nowadays high performance head bolt kits are available to do away with the problems the 5.7L diesel engines had such as the blown head gasket fiasco. Performance bolt fasteners when used within the 5.7L diesel will then make it a bulletproof, reliable design. The frustrated owner would frequently just get the shop to convert the engine to gasoline after a few repeated failures like this. As a side note, these diesel engine blocks were frequently sought by hot-rodders to build high-performance gasoline engines because of their extra heavy duty components which would withstand extreme horsepower.
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| In the 1980s and 1990s GM produced the [[Detroit Diesel V8 engine|6.2 L and 6.5 liter]] V8 Diesels for use in light trucks and in the [[HMMWV]].
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| Today, GM uses Diesel engines from a joint corporation between GM and [[Isuzu]] [[Dmax]] (for trucks) but offers no domestic Diesel passenger cars. General Motors' [[Opel]] division is one of the leading proponents of Diesel cars in Europe, however.
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| In the 1970s, Opel developed the first Opel Diesel engine ever. This 2.1-litre engine made some records in a car specially built for this purpose, the Opel Rekord D (2100 cc, 60 hp). Later versions were used in the Rekord E and the Ascona B.
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| Vehicles using these engines could be identified by a little "hill" in their hoods. Without this "hill" in the hood, the space for the engine would have been too small.
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| Kadett D, E and Ascona B and C models also used an Opel engine (1600 cc, 54 hp).
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| Later Isuzu engines were installed, namely for the Corsa A (1500 cc, {{Convert|50|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and 1500, turbo, 67 hp) as well as for the Kadett E and Vectra A (Vectra A TD: 82 hp).
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| Opel today uses [[common rail]] [[direct injection]] engines designed and produced by [[Fiat|Fiat S.p.A]] ([[MultiJet]]) and [[Isuzu]] ([[Circle L engine|Circle L]]). Ownership of both designs was acquired by GM in 2005, and a new [[GM Powertrain Europe]] division in [[Turin, Italy]] (home of Fiat) was founded to manage these assets. The Fiat Diesel engine has 1900 cc, but before this cooperation, Opel had already developed two of their own engines, namely 2-litre Diesels with 82 and {{Convert|100|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}}; which were installed mostly in the Vectra B.
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| [[GM Daewoo]] recently licensed two common rail designs from [[VM Motori]].
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| Many of the failures and complaints GM endured have shaped the design of Diesel engines today to be quite reliable and good performing engines. Today's Diesels have excellent fuel filtration systems to minimize failures of injection systems. Many manufacturers require owners to use specific types of oils in their diesel engines, and the use of these oils must be proven for warranty claims (Volkswagen TDI). Drivers also complained of the lack of power, unpleasant noise, and the dirty, smelly exhaust from early GM diesels. Today's diesels with common-rail injection tackle all these shortcomings. They are extremely efficient, yet provide significantly more power than older diesels, and they do so with significantly less pollution and noise. Today's dealer mechanics have also undergone the proper training to service the engines properly.
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| ==See also== | | ==See also== |
| * [[List of GM bellhousing patterns]] | | *[[List of GM factories]] |
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| {{General Motors|state=collapsed}}
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| {{General Motors brands|state=collapsed}}
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| {{Machine configurations|state=collapsed}}
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| ==External links== | | ==References== |
| * [http://www.gm.com/explore/technology/gmpowertrain/ GM Powertrain official website - information on current North American engines] | | * {{cite web | title=Last car body winds through Lansing GM plant | work=Detroit News | url=http://www.detnews.com/2005/autosinsider/0505/10/autos-174067.htm | accessmonthday=May 10 | accessyear=2005}} |
| | <references/> |
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| [[Category:Automobile-related lists|GM engines]]
| | [[Category:General Motors factories]] |
| [[Category:General Motors]] | | [[Category:Economy of Lansing, Michigan]] |
| [[Category:GM engines| ]] | | [[Category:Motor vehicle assembly plants in Michigan]] |
| [[Category:Lists of engines|GM]] | |
