Difference between revisions of "Third-generation Chevrolet Camaro"

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{{Infobox Automobile
|image=[[Image:Chevrolet Nova.jpg|250px|2nd-gen Chevrolet Nova SS]]
|boxcolor=darkgreen
|name=Chevrolet Nova
|manufacturer=[[General Motors]] (1962–1979)<Br>[[NUMMI]] (1985–88)
|production=1962-1979<br />1985–1988
|class=[[Compact car|Compact]] (1962–1979)<br />[[Subcompact]] (1985–88)
|successor=[[Chevrolet Prizm]]
}}


The '''Chevrolet Nova''' was an [[automobile]] produced in the [[United States]] from 1962 to 1979 by the [[Chevrolet]] division of [[General Motors]] and from 1985 to 1988 by the [[NUMMI]], a joint venture between General Motors and [[Toyota]]. In its original form it was the top model in the [[Compact car|compact]] Chevy II range and was marketed as the Chevrolet Chevy II Nova until the Chevy II name was dropped for the 1969 model year. In its latter form it was a [[front wheel drive]] [[subcompact car]] based on the Japanese [[Toyota Sprinter]]. 


==First/Second generation==
{{Infobox Automobile
 
| image = [[Image:Chevrolet.camaro.IROC-Z-red.front.view-sstvwf.JPG|250px]]
{{Infobox Automobile generation
| name = Third-generation Chevrolet Camaro
|image=[[Image:Chevrolet Nova Coupe (Orange Julep).JPG|250px|Chevrolet Nova coupe]]
| aka =
|name=First generation
| manufacturer = [[Chevrolet]]
|aka=Chevy II
| parent_company = [[General Motors]]
|class=[[Compact car|Compact]]
| production = 1982-1992
|production=1962–1967
| assembly = [[Van Nuys, California]]<br>[[Norwood, OH]] 1982-1987 only
|body_style=2-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]<br />2-door [[hardtop]]<br />2-door [[convertible]]<br />4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]<br />4-door [[station wagon]]
| predecessor = [[Second-generation Chevrolet Camaro|Second&ndash;gen Camaro]]
|platform=
| successor = [[Fourth-generation Chevrolet Camaro|Fourth&ndash;gen Camaro]]
|engine={{convert|153|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />{{convert|194|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[Straight-6|I6]]<br />{{convert|283|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8]]<br />{{convert|327|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8]]
| class = [[Pony car]]<br>[[Muscle car]]<br>[[Sports car]]
|transmission=4-speed manual<br />3-speed manual<br />2-speed ''[[Powerglide]]'' automatic
| body_style = 2-door [[coupe]]<br>2-door [[convertible]]
|length=
| layout = [[FR layout]]
|width=
| platform = [[GM F platform|F-body]]
|height=
| engine = 2.5L [[Straight-4|I4]]<br>2.8L [[V6]]<br>3.1L [[V6]]<br>5.0L [[V8]]<br>5.7L [[V8]]
|weight=
| transmission = 4-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]<br>5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]<bR>3-speed automatic<br>4-speed manual
|wheelbase=
| suspension =
|assembly=[[Bloomfield, New Jersey|Bloomfield]], [[New Jersey]]<br />[[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]], [[Massachusetts]]<br />[[Norwood, Ohio|Norwood]], [[Ohio]]<br />[[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[California]]<br />[[Willow Run Assembly|Willow Run]], [[Michigan]]<br />[[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
| steering =
|related=
| brakes =
|layout=[[FR layout]]
| safety =
| wheelbase = {{convert|101.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| length = 1988-1990: {{convert|192.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}<br>1991-92: {{convert|192.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| width = 1988-1990: {{convert|72.8|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}<br>1991-92: {{convert|72.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = 1988-1990: {{convert|50.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}<br>1991-92 Coupe: {{convert|50.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}<br>1991-92 Convertible: {{convert|51.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| turn_radius =
| ground_clearance =
| front_track =
| rear_track =
| weight =
| speed =
| fuel_economy =
| fuel_capacity =
| luggage_capacity =
| related = [[Pontiac Firebird]]
| trim =
| similar = [[Ford Mustang]]
| designer =
}}
}}
[[Image:A 1963 Perennial station wagon IMG 8104.JPG|thumb|left|1963 Chevy II Nova station wagon]]
===1962–1965===
After the [[Rear-engine design|rear-engine]] [[Chevrolet Corvair]] was handily outsold by the conventional [[Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] in 1960, Chevrolet began work on a more conventional compact car that would eventually become the Chevy II. The original Chevy II was of [[unibody]] construction and was available in two-door [[coupe]] and four-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] configurations as well as [[convertible]] and [[station wagon]] versions. Trim levels in 1962 were the 100 Series, 300 Series and Nova 400 Series.<ref>John Gunnell, Standard Catalogue of American Cars 1946-1975, Revised 4th edition, page 174</ref>
Available engines for the Chevy II included a {{convert|153|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|four-cylinder]] and a {{convert|194|CID|L|abbr=on}} inline six. The [[Chevrolet Straight-6 engine#Generation 3|six-cylinder]] was actually the third generation engine, replacing the second generation Stovebolt. Rival manufacturer [[Chrysler]] had earlier developed the [[Chrysler Slant 6 engine|Slant Six]] in their [[Plymouth Valiant]], a Chevy II competitor, when the cars were introduced to the public in late 1959 as 1960 models.
Although the Nova was not originally available with a [[V8]] option, the engine bay was perfectly proportioned for one. It wasn't long before Chevrolet V8s were offered as dealer-installed options (between 1962 and 1963), up to and including the [[fuel injected]] version available in the [[Chevrolet Corvette|Corvette]]. The combination of readily available V8 power and light weight made the Nova a popular choice of [[drag racing|drag racers]].
In 1962 and 1963 the Nova was available in a [[convertible]] body style, and a two-door [[hardtop]] was available from 1962 to 1965, although the hardtop was dropped when the 1964 models were first introduced, and subsequently brought back to the line later in the model year. Like all Chevy two door hardtops, the body style was marketed as the Sport Coupe.
For 1963, the Chevy II Nova [[Super Sport]] was released. As mentioned above, Novas could not officially have V8 [[engine]]s at this time — the standard SS engine was the six-cylinder — but [[small-block]] V8 engine swaps were commonplace among enthusiasts. For 1964, the Chevy II's first factory V8 option was introduced, which was a {{convert|195|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} {{convert|283|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8. In 1965, a {{convert|327|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8 was also available with up to {{convert|300|hp|kW|abbr=on}}.


===Second generation (1966–1967)===
The '''third-generation [[Chevrolet Camaro]]''' was introduced for the 1982 model year. It continued to use [[General Motors]]' [[GM F platform|F-body platform]] and would produce a ''"20th Anniversary Commemorative Edition"'' for 1987 and ''"25th Anniversary Heritage Edition"'' for 1992. These were also the first Camaros with factory fuel injection, four-speed automatic transmissions, five-speed manual transmissions, four-cylinder engines, 16-inch wheels, and [[hatchback]] bodies.<ref name="new">{{cite web |url=http://www.camaro3rdgen.20m.com/1982.html |title=1982 Camaro |accessdate=2007-01-03 |format=HTML |publisher=camaro3rdgen.20m.com/ |language=English}}</ref>


1966 Novas saw a significant restyling, based in part on the Super Nova [[concept car]]. In general, proportions were squared up but dimensions and features changed little. Engine options still included the basic inline four and six-cylinder engines and V8s of {{convert|283|CID|L|abbr=on}} and {{convert|327|CID|L|abbr=on}} (the latter offering now offering up to {{convert|350|hp|kW|abbr=on}}.
The third-gen Camaros would continue through the 1992 model year.


During this time, the {{convert|90|hp|kW|abbr=on}} {{convert|153|CID|L|abbr=on}} four-cylinder engine was only offered in the base Chevy II 100 series models with the {{convert|120|hp|kW|abbr=on}} {{convert|194|CID|L|abbr=on}} inline-six standard on the Nova and Super Sport models. In addition to the V8s, other optional engines included a {{convert|140|hp|kW|abbr=on}} {{convert|230|CID|L|abbr=on}} six-cylinder and a {{convert|155|hp|kW|abbr=on}} {{convert|250|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[Straight-6|six-cylinder]], the latter a new offering for 1967. For 1966, Super Sport (SS) models did not carry the Nova name, but were badged as Chevy II Super Sports. However the ’66 Chevy II sales brochure clearly promoted the SS as the “Chevrolet Chevy II Nova Super Sport”.<ref>[http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/main.php?g2_itemId=24007 1966 Chevrolet Chevy II brochure] Retrieved from www.oldcarbrochures.com on 20 November 2008</ref>
== 1982 ==


Although Chevy IIs had the same body for both these years, 1967 models carried significant improvements in the area of safety equipment. A government-mandated energy-absoring steering column and safety steering wheel, soft interior parts such as armrests and sun visors, recessed instrument panel knobs, and front shoulder belt anchors, were included in all 1967 models.
The Third-Generation Camaro was released for sale in [[January 1982]]. The 1982 model introduced the first Camaros with factory [[fuel injection]], a hatchback body style, and a four-cylinder engine (due to concerns over fuel economy in the wake of the [[1979 energy crisis]]). The Camaro Z28 was ''[[Motor Trend]]'' magazine's [[Car of the Year]] for 1982. Three models were available: Sport Coupe, Berlinetta, and Z28. Third generation Camaros also had a suspension system that was much more capable in corners than the previous generation.


==Third generation==
The Sport Coupe came standard with the 2.5&nbsp;L 151 cid LQ9 four cylinder engine. The 2.8&nbsp;L 173 LC1 V6 and 5.0&nbsp;L 305 LG4 V8 were optional. Dog dish-style hub caps were standard; wheel covers were optional as were steel, five-spoke 14x7 body-colored rally wheels.


{{Infobox Automobile generation
The Berlinetta came standard with the 2.8 LC1 V6 or the optional 5.0 LG4 V8. The Berlinetta came standard with its own unique 14x7 finned aluminum wheel with gold accenting and `Berlinetta' center cap. Its own lower body pinstriping, gold "Berlinetta" badging, and headlamp pockets were painted in an accent color. The tail lights got a gold and black horizontal divider bar. The interior came standard with custom cloth interior, a rear storage well cover and additional carpeting on rear wheelhouses. It also came standard with additional body insulation and full instrumentation.
|image=[[Image:Chevrolet Nova 396 (Orange Julep).JPG ‎|250px|Chevrolet Nova 396]]
|n} [[V8]]<br />{{convert|327|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8]]<br />{{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8]]<br />{{convert|396|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8]]
|transmission=3-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]<br />4-speed ''M-21'' manual<br />4-speed ''M-22'' manual<br />4-speed [[Borg-Warner]] ''[[Borg-Warner T-5 transmission|T-5]]'' manual<br />2-speed ''[[Powerglide]]'' [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]<br />3-speed ''[[Turbo-Hydramatic#THM350|THM350]]'' automatic<br />3-speed ''[[Turbo-Hydramatic#TH400/3L80|THM400]]'' automatic
|length=
|width=
|assembly=[[Leeds, Missouri|Leeds]], [[Missouri]]<br />[[Van Nuys, California|Van Nuys]], [[California]]<br />[[Norwood, Ohio|Norwood]], [[Ohio]]<br />[[Willow Run Assembly|Willow Run]], [[Michigan]]<br />[[Oshawa, Ontario]]<br />[[Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec]]<br />[[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
|height=
|weight=
|wheelbase=
|related=[[Buick Apollo]]<br />[[Oldsmobile Omega]]<br />[[Pontiac Ventura]]
|similar=[[AMC Hornet]]<br />[[Ford Maverick]]<br />[[Plymouth Duster]]<br />[[Toyota Corona]]
}}


An extensive restyle came in 1968, when the station wagon and Sport Coupe were discontinued. This body style continued (with minor revisions) through 1974. One notable change was the front subframe assembly — as compared with [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], Chrysler and [[American Motors|AMC]], in whose cars the entire front suspension was integrated with the bodyshell, a separate subframe housing the powertrain and front suspension (similar to the front part of the frame of GM's [[full-size]], full-framed vehicles) replaced the earlier style. Although the front subframe design was a Chevy II-exclusive design, the [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro]] introduced a year earlier was the first to incorporate such a design; the redesigned Chevy II was pushed a year back to 1968 instead of 1967. 1968 was the final year that the Chevy II nameplate was used, although all 1968 models were "Chevy II Novas" with one single trim line.
The Z28 came standard with the 5.0 LG4 4bbl V8 or the optional LU5 twin TBI `Cross Fire Injection' 5.0&nbsp;L. The carbureted engine was available with either a four-speed manual or three-speed automatic transmission and put out a {{convert|145|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, while the optional Cross Fire Injection 305 was rated at {{convert|165|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. Performance enthusiasts of the day gave the new Camaro rave reviews for its styling and handling, but also made critical remarks about the relatively low power ratings and lackluster performance compared to Ford's Mustang GT, with the High Output 5.0 Litre(302 cubic-inch) V8 and Top-Loader four-speed manual transmission.


The {{convert|153|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|four-cylinder]] [[Internal combustion engine|engine]] was offered between 1968 and 1970, then was dropped due to lack of interest (besides its other usage in the Jeep DJ-5A a.k.a. the Postal Jeep). Far more popular were the {{convert|250|CID|L|abbr=on}} six-cylinder and the base {{convert|307|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8]], which replaced the {{convert|283|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8 engine|V8]] offered in previous years. At mid-year, a [[semi-automatic transmission]] based on the Powerglide called the Torque-Drive was introduced as a low-cost option for shiftless motoring for both the four and six-cylinder engines. The two-speed Powerglide was still the only fully-[[automatic transmission]] available with most engines as the more desirable three-speed Turbo-Hydramatic was only available with the largest V8 engines.
All Z28s came with lightweight fiberglass SMC hoods with functional hood air induction flaps on [[Regular_Production_Option|RPO]] LU5 cars. The Z28 had a different nose, a three-piece rear spoiler and front, side, and rear lower body valances in silver or gold. Just above the valance was a two-color lower body stripe that encircled the car. Headlamp pockets on the Z28 were black. Standard were new 15x7 cast-aluminum five-spoke wheels accented with silver or gold. Z28 badges appeared on the right rear bumper, and on the side valances.


The SS was transformed from a trim package to a performance option for 1968 and now included a {{convert|295|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8 engine along with front disc brakes, heavy-duty suspension and other performance hardware. Optional engines included two versions of the big-block {{convert|396|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8 rated at {{convert|350|hp|kW|abbr=on}} and {{convert|375|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. Both engines were offered with a choice of transmissions including the M-21 close-ratio four-speed manual, the M-22 heavy-duty "Rock Crusher" four-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]], or the three-speed Turbo-Hydramatic 400 for those who preferred automatic shifting.
The Camaro Z28 paced the Indianapolis 500 in 1982, and over 6000 replicas were sold through Chevy dealers. The [[pace car]] edition featured special two-tone silver/blue paint and special striping, orange pin-striping on 15-inch Z28 wheels, and a silver/blue interior with six-way Lear-Seigler manually-adjustable seating. Engine choices in the pace cars were the same as the regular Z28. However, the car that actually paced the event was equipped with a highly modified all aluminum 5.7&nbsp;L V8 not offered publicly, although there are rumors that four were actually produced.


===1969===
== 1983 ==


For 1969 the Chevy II nameplate was retired from the Nova range.<ref>John Gunnell, Standard Catalogue of American Cars 1946-1975, Revised 4th edition, page 196</ref> The "Chevy II by Chevrolet" trunklid badge was replaced with "Nova by Chevrolet" and no other Chevy nameplates remained. However the ’69 Novas were promoted under the “Chevy Nova” model name in official Chevrolet sales literature.<ref>[http://www.oldcarmanualproject.com/brochures/Chev/1969/FullLine/index.htm 1969 Chevrolet range brochure] Retrieved from www.oldcarmanualproject.com  on 26 November 2008</ref>
The Camaro had a significant change in the Z28 engine lineup: the lackluster and trouble-prone LU5 Crossfire 305 V8 was supplanted in April 1983 by an all-new simpler 5.0&nbsp;L L69 4 bbl {{convert|190|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} High-Output (HO) V8, giving the Z28 a much-needed power boost to be competitive with the 5.0 Mustang GT. This engine was only available with manual transmission in 1983. Due to the late introduction, only 3,223 L69 V8s were sold this year, making one in good condition a rare find today.


Like other 1969 GM vehicles, locking steering columns were incorporated. Simulated vents were added below the Nova script, which was relocated to the front fender instead of the rear quarter panel. The {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8 with four-barrel carburetor that came standard with the SS option was revised with a {{convert|5|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} increase to {{convert|300|hp|kW|-1|abbr=on}} while a two-barrel carbureted version of the {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8 rated at {{convert|255|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} was a new option on non-SS models. A new Turbo-Hydramatic 350 three-speed automatic was made available for non-SS Novas with six-cylinder and V8 engines, although the older two-speed [[Powerglide]] continued to be available on the smaller engined Novas.
Transmissions were also improved for 1983. A 5-speed manual transmission replaced the previous 4-speed. The 3-speed automatic transmission in the Z28 was replaced by a 4-speed unit with overdrive. The automatic overdrive was also available on the base coupe and Berlinetta, but was not available with the L69 H.O. engine in the Z28 for 1983. <ref>Antinock, Mike; The Camaro White Book; Michael Bruce Associates Inc, 1996.</ref> Aside from the new transmissions, base coupe and Berlinetta carried on as in 1982 with very little change other than newly available colors.


===1970===
== 1984 ==


Basically a carryover from 1969; the side markers and taillight lenses for the 1970 Nova were wider and positioned slightly differently. This was the final year for the SS396. All other engines were carried over including the seldom-ordered four-cylinder which was in its final year. The car finally became simply the Chevrolet Nova this year after two years of transitional nameplates (Chevy II Nova in 1968 and Chevrolet Chevy Nova in 1969)
The dashboard features becomes smaller and sharper because of complaints about the design quality and look. In the Berlinetta, the basic design was replaced with 'Star Wars-style' electronic instrumentation, including bar-graph tachometer and digital speedometer. The car has an overhead console and pod-mounted controls for turn signals, cruise-control, HVAC, windshield wiper and headlights. The radio was mounted inside a pod on the console, which could swivel toward the driver or passenger.
Approximately 177 COPO Novas were ordered, with 175 converted by [[Yenko Chevrolet]]. The other two were sold in [[Canada]]. The Nova was used in [[Trans-Am]] racing this year.


===1971===
Drivetrain changes included the discontinuation of the LU5 305 Cross Fire V-8, and the addition of a hydraulic clutch linkage on manual cars. The L69 H.O. Z28 became available with automatic transmission for the first time.


1971 Novas were similar to the previous year but with the loss of the simulated fender vents and the discontinuation of the {{convert|396|CID|L|abbr=on}} engine for the SS with the {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} engine taking its place. 1971 also saw the introduction of the Rally Nova, a trim level that only lasted two years (until it resurfaced in 1977). The Rally kit included black or white stripes that ran the length of the car and around the back, a Rally Nova sticker on the driver's side of the hood, and Rally wheels.
Road & Track selected the 1984 Camaro/Firebird as one of twelve best cars in the world and in the Best Sports GT category in the $11,000 to $14,000 range. Car and Driver picked the '84 Camaro Z28 as the best handling car built in the United States.<ref>Antonick, Michael; The Camaro White Book; Michael Bruce Associates Inc., 1996.</ref>


The {{convert|250|CID|L|abbr=on}} six-cylinder engine was now the standard Nova engine with the demise of the {{convert|153|CID|L|abbr=on}} four-cylinder and {{convert|230|CID|L|abbr=on}} six-cylinder engines. The {{convert|307|CID|L|abbr=on}} and {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8s were carried over from 1970 and all engines featured lowered compression ratios to enable the use of unleaded gasoline as a result of a GM corporate mandate that took effect with the 1971 model year.
== 1985 ==


After 1971, other GM divisions began [[Badge engineering|rebadging]] the Nova as their new entry-level vehicle, such as the [[Pontiac Ventura]] II (once a trim option for full-size [[Pontiac]]s to 1970), [[Oldsmobile Omega]] and the [[Buick Apollo]]. Interestingly, the initials of the four model names spelled out the acronym ''NOVA'' (Nova, Omega, Ventura, Apollo).
[[Image:Chevrolet Camaro IROC-Z-4.jpg|thumb|right|Camaro IROC-Z]]For 1985, Chevrolet introduced a new Camaro model — the famous '''IROC-Z''', named after the popular competition [[International Race of Champions]]. The Camaro IROC-Z featured an upgraded suspension with lowered springs, specially valved shocks, larger diameter sway bars, a special decal package, and an optional [[Fuel injection|Tuned Port Injection]] system taken from the Corvette. It also shared the Corvette's 245/50ZR16 tires and new aluminum 5-spoke 16" wheels. The Camaro ''IROC-Z'' was on ''[[Car and Driver]]'' magazine's [[Car and Driver Ten Best|Ten Best list]] for 1985. The 305 was the only engine to receive Tuned Port Injection considering the L98 350 was not available until mid-year 1986; rated at 215&nbsp;hp, it was available only on the IROC-Z model with the 700-R4 automatic transmission. Also new for 1985, all Camaros featured refreshed noses and new, deeper valances and front spoiler for the Z28 and the newly introduced IROC-Z28. The speedometers no longer had the unique double-pointed needle that simultaneously read mph and km/h: they were replaced by conventional single-pointer {{convert|85|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}} units. The 2.8 V6 became fuel-injected, raising power from {{convert|112|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|135|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. This would also be the final year for the less popular base-model 2.5&nbsp;L 151 cid 4-cyl engine.


===1972===
== 1986 ==
A virtual rerun of 1971, the 1972 Nova received only minor trim changes and both the Rally Nova and SS options were carried over. At mid-year a sunroof option became available on two-door models. Also, the optional Strato bucket seats available on coupes switched from the previous low-back design with adjustable headrests to the high back units with built-in headrests introduced the previous year on Camaros and Vegas.


===1973–1974===
A newly required [[Automotive lighting#Centre High Mount Stop Lamp (CHMSL) | Center High Mounted Stop Lamp]] (CHMSL) was installed on the Camaro. 1986 was the only year to see this attached to the hatchback glass on base model Sport Coupes, Z28s and IROC-Zs; In following years it was implemented in the rear decklid spoiler, except for 1987 base models that did not have a spoiler. This was the final year for the L69 5.0 305 HO 4bbl option, and the 2.8 L V6 was now the standard engine in the base model - no more 4-bangers. The TPI 305 horsepower rating dropped from {{convert|215|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|190|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} in the Iroc-Z models. Chevrolet did build 75 IROC-Zs with the L98 5.7 L 350 TPI engines, but these cars were not equipped with A/C and not believed to be sold to the general public because they were test vehicles.
[[Image:'73 Chevrolet Nova SS Coupe (Rigaud).JPG|thumb|left|1973 Chevrolet Nova SS coupe]]


The 1973 model year introduced a hatchback bodystyle based on the 2-door coupe. Following a government mandate for vehicles to be fitted with front and rear bumpers capable of absorbing a low-speed impact of {{convert|5|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, the front and rear of the Nova were restyled. The 1973 model was equipped with redesigned bumpers that were larger and stronger. 1974 models were the first to have shock-absorbing bumper mounts that made the bumpers stick out further from the body.
== 1987 ==


A modified rear side window shape was also introduced, eliminating the vent windows on both two- and four-door models. A revised rear suspension was adapted from the second generation Camaro with multi-leaf springs replacing the mono-leaf springs used on Novas since the original 1962 model. By this time, six-cylinder and V8 engines were ''de rigueur'' for American [[compact cars]], with the {{convert|307|CID|L|abbr=on}} and {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8s becoming fairly common. Nova SS models offered a higher-performance {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8. The 1973 Nova with a six-cylinder engine or 307|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8 were among the last Chevrolets to be offered with the now-outdated two-speed [[Powerglide]] automatic transmission, which was in its final year. For 1974, it was replaced by a lightweight version of the three-speed Turbo-Hydramatic 350 already offered with the {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8, which was the only V8 offered for 1974. These Novas where also fitted with a weight sensitive relay within the front bench seat that prevented the vehicle from being started until the driver's seatbelt had been fastened. Later, a law passed by Congress banned this type of device, declaring that it infringed on a driver's freedom of choice.<ref>[http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/Courses/adlaww01/seatbelts.htm The Seat-Belt Story<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The devices were not included in future Nova models.
[[Image:CamaroIROCZ.jpg|thumb|right|1987 Chevrolet Camaro IROC-Z]]


1973 and 1974 introduced several new technologies to the Nova such as the adoption of steel belted radials. Also, the hatchback Nova models used a compact spare tire that included an inflator can with the vehicle. While many of these cars were sold with four-wheel drum brakes, front disk brakes were available as an extra-cost option.
The 350 TPI and 5 Speed 305 TPI combinations were finally available on the IROC-Z28 after a lot of testing although the 350 was only available in the IROC-Z and only with an automatic transmission, testing had proven that the 5 speed couldn't handle the greater power output of the TPI 350. The TPI 350 motor was not visually distinguishable from the TPI 305. Automatic and Manual 305 TPI got a {{convert|215|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} rating. Roller lifters and new valve cover/head design on V-8 Camaros. Valve covers featured new sealing and center bolts in the valve covers. Heads featured new raised lip for improved valve cover sealing. G92 and L98 (B2L) cars finally got the Borg-Warner HD 7.75 inch four pinion rear end, produced for GM Holden's Limited of Australia (Firebird WS6 cars went to this unit in 1986). These units can be identified by their 9 bolt (rather than 10) differential cover that has a rubber plug. The Borg-Warner logo is also cast into the bottom of the differential case. This rear axle came with tapered rather than straight roller bearings and a cone-clutch rather than disc-clutch limited slip unit. These units came painted black from the factory while most others were bare metal. All 1987 350 TPI (B2L) IROC-Z's required J65 rear disc brakes, G80 limited slip differential, and KC4 engine oil cooler.
The largest visual change this year was the CHMSL was now mounted on the rear spoiler instead of atop the rear hatch (unless it was a base coupe without the spoiler option - on those it remained atop the hatch like last year). The Berlinettas were no longer available this year, replaced (ironically) with a new LT model, but the base and Z28s continued as before. {{convert|145|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on}} speedometers became standard in the IROC-Zs and Z28s, the base and LTs got a new {{convert|110|mi/h|km/h|-1|abbr=on}} unit. The 2.8 V6 and 5.0 carbureted V8s carried on with no changes.


A luxury-themed Nova Custom, later called the Nova LN, became part of the model lineup which included upgraded upholstery, full carpeting and more exterior trim. The SS option was still available but became more of a sporty trim package than a performance offering and now offered with any Nova engine, much like the 1963 to 1967 Nova SS.
Other big Camaro news was a Camaro convertible that was introduced for the first time since 1969 as a regular production option. Available on the Sport Coupe and IROC-Z, the conversion was performed on t-top equipped (t-top models have extra bracing) Camaros by ASC. Only 1,007 were produced in the first year of production. 1987 marked the 20th anniversary of the Camaro and the convertibles were considered the anniversary editions and were signified by a special dash badge that read "20th Anniversary Commemorative Edition". Some 1987 T-Top models were made into convertibles by ASC after the customer took delivery. This is why there are some convertibles with the body VIN code of 2, meaning they were coupes, not convertibles (which have a body [[VIN]] code of 3). This was also the last year of production at GM's Norwood, OH facility as sales continued to decline therefore resulting in production reduced to the Van Nuys assembly plant located in Southern California.


An interesting model was the 'Spirit of America' Nova introduced in 1974. In anticipation of the US bicentennial in 1976, these vehicles were painted white and featured blue and red accent stripes as well as red and blue interior carpets and fabrics.
== 1988 ==
The Camaro line was greatly simplified this year, starting with discontinuing the slow-selling one-year-wonder LT model, and dropping the base Z28. All that was left was the base coupe and the IROC-Z, although the IROC-Z was decontented this year to compensate for the loss of the base Z28 - for example, the previously standard aluminum 16" 5-spoke wheels were now an option - "base" IROCs now got the old Z28's steel 15" 5-spoke wheels(which also became standard on the base coupes). Also the old Z28's ground effects and spoilers were now standard issue on the base coupes. Base models got a new raised spoiler on some models. All engines were fuel-injected this year, the 5.0 L 305 cid V8 gained throttle-body injection, bringing net horsepower to 170;the 2.8 V6, the 305 and 350 TPI engines carried on as before. G92 (performance axle ratio) available only on IROC-Z with 5.0 TPI (LB9). G92 was available on IROC-Z convertible in 1988. All 1987 350 TPI (B2L) IROC-Z's came standard with the 3.27 BW rear end and everything that was included with G92 but did not have the G92 RPO code because it was mandatory; this changed in 1988 however when a 2.77 rear was standard and G92 had to be specified to get the 3.27's.


[[Oldsmobile]] and [[Buick]] entered the compact car market; both the [[Buick Apollo|Apollo]] and [[Oldsmobile Omega|Omega]] debuted, using the same bodystyles from the Nova lineup. Additional options were included on these Nova-like models, such as lighting under the dashboard and in the glove compartment. Pontiac's final [[Pontiac GTO|GTO]] of this era was based on a facelifted 1974 [[Pontiac Ventura|Ventura]] coupe, itself based on the Nova, but fitted with a shaker hoodscoop from the [[Pontiac Trans Am|Trans Am]].
== 1989 ==


==Fourth  generation==
[[Image:1989 Chevrolet Camaro Z28 IROC 1LE.JPG|right|thumb|1989 Chevrolet Camaro Z28 IROC 1LE]]
{{Infobox Automobile generation
1989 signified the return of the RS designation (last used in 1980). The Rally Sport was now the base model featuring body ground effects mimicking the IROC and the previous Z28. They had the 2.8 V6 fuel injected motor as standard with the 5.0 305 as an option. The raised rear spoiler that became available in 1988 on the base coupes was short-lived and done away with for this year. The IROC-Zs were still available with the {{convert|170|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} TBI 305, the {{convert|195|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} TPI 305, or the {{convert|230|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} TPI 350. IROC-Z coupes had a new dual-converter exhaust option that boosted hp to 230 on the TPI 305/manual transmission cars, and 240 on the TPI 350 (and mandatory 700-R4 automatic). Also during this year all Camaros were outfitted with the VATS/PassKey security system and back seats received 3-point safety belts.
|image=[[Image:75-79 Chevrolet Nova sedan.jpg|250px|Chevrolet Nova sedan]]
|name=Fourth generation
|class=[[Compact car|Compact]]
|production=1975–1979
|body_style=2-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]<br />3-door [[hatchback]]<br />4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]
|layout=[[FR layout]]
|assembly=[[Van Nuys, California|Van Nuys]], [[California]]<br />[[Tarrytown, New York|Tarrytown]], [[New York]]<br />[[Willow Run Assembly|Willow Run]], [[Michigan]]<br />[[Oshawa, Ontario]]<br />[[Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec]]
|platform= [[GM X platform|X-body]]
|engine={{convert|151|CID|L|abbr=on}} ''[[GM Iron Duke engine|Iron Duke]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />{{convert|230|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[Straight-6|I6]]<br />{{convert|250|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[Straight-6|I6]]<br />{{convert|262|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8]]<br />{{convert|305|CID|L|abbr=on}} [[V8]]<br />{{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8
|transmission=3-speed manual<br />4-speed ''M-21'' manual<br />4-speed ''M-22'' manual<br />4-speed [[Borg-Warner]] ''[[Borg-Warner T-50 transmission|T-50]]'' manual<br />3-speed ''[[Turbo-Hydramatic#THM350|THM350]]'' automatic<br />3-speed ''[[Turbo-Hydramatic#TH400/3L80|THM400]]'' automatic
|length={{convert|5|m|in|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|1.80|m|in|abbr=on}}
|height=
|weight={{convert|1600|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|wheelbase=
Brakes; Disc in front, drums rear (power assist optional)
Tires ; 205/70 14
Steering; Recirculating ball (Power assist optional)
Suspension ;
Double wish bone arm and coils in front,
Solid rear axle mounted on leaf springs.
|fuel_capacity={{convert|20|usgal|L|abbr=on}}
|related=[[Buick Apollo]]<br />[[Buick Skylark]]<br />[[Oldsmobile Omega]]<br />[[Pontiac Phoenix]]<br />[[Pontiac Ventura]]
|similar=[[AMC Concord]]<br />[[Datsun 510]]<br />[[Plymouth Volare]]
}}


A completely restyled Nova was introduced in 1975 and continued through 1979. Base coupes, including the hatchback, had fixed side windows (or optional flip-out windows) and vertical vents on the B-pillar. This generation is sometimes called the "Disco Nova" due to the popularity of [[disco]] music during this era.
IROC-Zs with the TPI 350 had the 2.77 rear axle ratio as in the previous year, but the optional RPO G92 Performance Axle package modified the ratio to 3.27 for the TPI 350, and 3.45 for the TPI 305 with manual transmission. RPO G92 also included the aforementioned dual-converter exhaust; 4-wheel disc brakes (RPO J65); engine oil cooler; P245/50ZR16 Goodyear Eagle unidirectional tires; a 145-mph speedometer; and a tachometer with a 5,500-RPM redline. Only 1,426 IROC-Z coupes were equipped with the Performance Axle package in 1989.


The base model carried the inline Six-cylinder {{convert|250|CID|L|abbr=on}}, {{convert|105|hp|kW|abbr=on}}, two V8 engines ({{convert|305|CID|L|abbr=on}} and {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}}) for 1976 only, were offered. Mated to a three speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]], 3 speed manual or 4 speed - V8s only - Which remained the norm through the end of the decade (and the end of the rear-wheel drive [[GM X platform|X platform]]).
To take an IROC-Z coupe to the maximum performance extreme in 1989, when G92 Performance Axle was ordered with no air conditioning (C41), RPO code 1LE was automatically triggered. This included extra equipment intended to make the IROC-Z more competitive in SCCA Showroom Stock road racing events: larger 11.65-inch rotors with 2-piston aluminium calipers from PBR; an aluminum driveshaft; a special baffled fuel tank; specific shock absorbers; and stiffer suspension bushings. The fog lamps were also deleted. Since the 1LE was simply an option combination, not a separate package or model which was promoted, very few customers or even Chevrolet dealers were aware of its existence. As a result, only 111 Camaros were built with the 1LE equipment in 1989.<ref>Antonick, Mike; The Camaro White Book; Michael Bruce Associates Inc, 1996.</ref>


The front suspension and subframe assembly was similar to the one used in the second generation GM F-body cars (the [[Chevrolet Camaro|Camaro]] and [[Pontiac Firebird]]), whereas the rear axle and suspension were carried over from the previous generation. All this made this car very solid but also heavy ({{convert|1600|kg|lb|abbr=on}} empty and {{convert|2100|kg|lb|abbr=on}} curb weight)
== 1990 ==


[[Image:Rm disco nova.JPG|thumb|left|1976 Chevrolet Nova coupe]]
[[Image:Camaro1.jpg|thumb|left|1990 Chevrolet Camaro RS]]
1990 was the year with the lowest production to date (35,048), due to a truncated 1990 model run followed by early introduction of the facelifted 1991 models. 1990 also marked the final year for the IROC-Z. Chevrolet had decided not to renew their contract with the [[International Race of Champions]], which was later renewed by [[Chrysler]]'s [[Dodge Daytona]]. This year was the first year for an airbag to be offered in any F-body. The 2.8 L V6 was upgraded to the 3.1 L V6. Also, this was the first year for the updated "half-moon" gauge cluster that was offered only in 1990-1992 Camaros. That would make 1990 a distinguishable year by the fact it was the only 3rd gen Camaro that didn't feature the "aero" GFX but did feature the half-moon cluster.


The Nova lineup ranged from the stripped-down "S" model, base, Custom (1975 and 1978 to 1979, which in later years became the LN and Nova Concours replacement), and the luxury-themed LN (the LN was the first to sport metric displacement badges — either "4.3&nbsp;LITER" or "5.7&nbsp;LITRE"). The LN was replaced with the Nova Concours (1976 and 1977.) Custom and Concours models had a 3-taillight lens scheme much similar to the [[Chevrolet Impala|Impala]] with a [[Cadillac]]-esque chrome laden front clip). All were intended as competition for the recently introduced [[Dodge Aspen]]/Plymouth Volare and [[Ford Granada]]/Mercury Monarch. From 1977 to 1978, there was also the Nova Rally (not to be confused with the Rally Nova of the early 1970s). These came with the {{convert|135|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|305|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8 engine, stiffer antiroll bar and some with the 4-speed Saginaw manual transmission.
The RPO code 1LE was again available in 1990, triggered as in the previous year by RPO G92 Performance Axle combined with no air conditioning on the IROC-Z coupe. Only 62 Camaros were built with 1LE equipment in 1990.<ref>Antonick, Mike; The Camaro White Book; Michael Bruce Associates Inc., 1996.</ref>


Even Cadillac got into the act; the Nova's X platform was stretched by several inches, completely rebodied and fitted with an Oldsmobile fuel-injected {{convert|350|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8 to become the [[Cadillac Seville|Seville]] for mid year 1975.
== 1991 ==


Buick's Apollo was renamed [[Buick Skylark]] after 1975 (during the 1975 model year, the Apollo nameplate was used for the 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]], while the coupe version was badged as the Skylark), while Pontiac's Ventura became the more luxurious [[Pontiac Phoenix|Phoenix]] for 1978 (the Phoenix was the first X-body fitted with square headlights). These rebadged versions of the Nova had either the Chevrolet "porky but reliable" inline-six {{convert|250|CID|L|abbr=on}} or [[GM 3800 engine|Buick V6 {{convert|231|CID|L|abbr=on}}]] as the base engine.
[[Image:1991Z28.jpg|thumb|left]]
Early in 1990, the 1991 Camaros debuted. Big changes occurred, as all Camaros received a facelift in the form of a ground effects package for both the RS and Z28 models, while the IROC-Z was no longer offered. The Z28 also featured a high rise spoiler and non-functional hood "blisters". The 1991 Z28 also received a new wheel design to accent the new body accents. This was the first year that the [[B4C]] "Special Service" option was made available to law enforcement, the government, and military agencies. The B4C amounted to little more than a Z28 powertrain and suspension in the RS. (Car Craft Magazine refers to the B4C as a 1LE equipped with air conditioning; although this is slightly erroneous because in 1991, the large brakes with PBR calipers from the 1LE package were not included with B4C.) Just under 600 B4C Camaros were sold for 1991. 1991 was also the first year that Z28 Camaros equipped with the 305 TPI motor and a manual transmission had the same roller cam profile as the 350 TPI motor. Power ratings on the 350 TPI were as follows; {{convert|250|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4400&nbsp;rpm and {{convert|345|lbft|nM|0|abbr=on}} at 3200&nbsp;rpm. Power rating on the 305 TPI motor were as follows; {{convert|235|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4200&nbsp;rpm and {{convert|300|lbft|nM|0|abbr=on}} @3200 rpm. Rumors say that these numbers were slightly underrated by GM, but this has not been investigated.


In the 1978 model year minor changes were made for the Nova including a more modern dual round gauge cluster to replace the long sweeping speedometer. Other minor changes included the steering wheel, which was updated to the same as the Caprice/Malibu.  Some new colors were offered (as with the rest of the divisions) and some small trim added. During the 1977 model year of Ventura, the [[4 cylinder GM 2500 engine|GM Iron Duke]] was the base engine (in response to the Arab Oil Embargo) coupled to a [[Borg-Warner]] [[Borg-Warner T-50|T-50]] transmission (it has no relationship to the T-5 found in third-generation GM F-bodies). The Ventura was replaced by the Phoenix in the middle of the 1977 model year.
Beginning with the 1991 model year, GM pioneered some modified assembly techniques with the F-body Camaro and Firebird which would be carried forward into the fourth generation. Different seam sealers, structural adhesives and body assembly techniques were employed in key areas, in an effort to reduce squeaks and rattles and improve the perception of quality.


Base V8 engines included Chevrolet {{convert|262|CID|L|abbr=on}} and {{convert|305|CID|L|abbr=on}} engines, and an [[Oldsmobile]] {{convert|260|CID|L|abbr=on}} V8; Pontiac Venturas were not fitted with a Pontiac V8 from the factory after 1975, when Oldsmobile 260s and Buick 350s were installed as optional equipment. This led to civil action against GM.
The SCCA Showroom-Stock-ready 1LE package continued with similar equipment to previous years, and was again triggered automatically by the G92 Performance Axle option combined with C41 basic ventilation system (no air conditioning) on the Z28 coupe. Enthusiasts and dealers were becoming more aware of the 1LE, as production increased to 478 units.<ref>Antonick, Mike; The Camaro White Book; Michael Bruce Associates Inc., 1996.</ref>


The Nova SS continued for 1975 and 1976; when the SS was discontinued, the option code for the SS — RPO Z26 — continued as the Nova Rally until 1979.
== 1992 ==


A high-performance police version of the Nova was introduced for the 1975 model year, making it the first compact car certified for police duty in the US. Most were initially purchased by the [[Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department]] in 1976.


Upon introduction of the downsized GM [[GM A platform (RWD)|A-body]] (later [[GM G platform (RWD)|G-body]]) [[mid-size car]]s in 1978, the X-body and downsized A-platform had similar exterior dimensions. The roomier and more modern downsized A-bodies outsold their X-body counterparts.
1992 was the final year of the third generation Camaro. A "25th Anniversary Heritage Edition" option had been planned with Corvette aluminum cylinder heads, tubular exhaust headers, and 6-speed [[manual transmission]], but this was scrapped in favor of a "Heritage Package" option (RPO Z03) which amounted to nothing more than a graphics package of badges and rally stripes. All 1992 Camaros received a "25th Anniversary" badge on the dashboard. The 1992 version of the Camaro B4C (Special Service Package) got the addition of 1LE brakes and suspension, making it perhaps the best performing third generation Camaro available with air conditioning.  A total of 589 B4Cs were sold. The B4C option was also deemed popular enough to be carried on to the fourth generation model.


The Nova's final model year, 1979, saw few changes. The front end was revised with square headlights and a new grille for the short run. Production ended on December 22, 1978.
1992 Z28s received some of the "leftovers" from its Corvette cousin, which switched from Tuned Port Injection to the updated LT1 engine series in 1992. Some Z28s received the cast aluminum style intake runners from the TPI Corvette instead of the regular Camaro smooth tube ones. Most of the 1992 Z28s also received some 1LE components as well, like the popular polyurethane bushings instead of the standard rubber ones, as well as polyurethane transmission mounts.


From model year 1980 onward, the Nova's original niche in the Chevrolet lineup was filled by [[front-wheel drive]] compacts including the [[Chevrolet Citation|Citation]] (spring 1979 to 1985), and [[Chevrolet Corsica|Corsica]] (spring 1987 to 1996).
The RPO 1LE option combination, identical to the previous year in specification and option requirements, had its highest production year of the third generation Camaro, with 705 cars so equipped.  As mentioned, the 1LE brakes were included with B4C in 1992, accounting for 589 of the 705 built.  This means that only 116 "true" 1LE-only cars (A/C delete, non-Special Service Package) were built for the year.  <ref>Antonick, Mike; The Camaro White Book; Michael Bruce Associates Inc., 1996.</ref>


==Fifth  generation==
It should be noted that the vast majority of the 1LE cars built during the 1989-1992 period were very sparsely equipped vehicles. Since they were intended for racing, where extra weight is a disadvantage and interiors are often gutted after purchase, most were very lightly optioned. The majority of 1LE Camaros had the base interior, with no power options, cruise control, or even floor mats. Some were even built without radios (201 cars were built as "radio delete" in 1992). An "oddball" Camaro equipped with a combination of both RPO 1LE and luxury or appearance options, such as a deluxe leather interior or the Z03 Heritage Package, is therefore a rare and potentially collectible vehicle.
{{Infobox Automobile
|image=[[Image:Chevrolet Nova Sedan.jpg|250px|Chevrolet Nova sedan]]
|boxcolor=darkgreen
|name=Fifth Generation
|aka=[[Toyota Sprinter]]<br />[[Toyota Corolla]]
|class=[[Subcompact]]
|assembly=[[NUMMI]], [[Fremont, California|Fremont]], [[California]]
|production=1985–1988
|engine={{convert|1.6|L|CID|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]] [[4A-GE]] "115Hp"<br />{{convert|1.6|L|CID|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]] [[4A-C]] "89Hp"
|platform=Toyota AE82 Platform
|transmission=5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]<br />
3-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]]<br />
4-speed automatic
|layout=[[FF layout]]
|wheelbase={{convert|95.7|in|mm|abbr=on}}
|length={{convert|166.3|in|mm|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|64.4|in|mm|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|52.8|in|mm|abbr=on}}
|fuel_capacity={{convert|13.2|USgal|L|abbr=on}}
|successor=[[Geo Prizm]]
|related=[[Toyota Corolla]]<br />[[Toyota Sprinter]]
}}


[[Image:Chevrolet-Nova-hatchback.jpg|thumb|left|Chevrolet Nova hatchback]]
This was also the last year of production at the Camaro's assembly plant in Van Nuys, California. The last third-generation Camaro produced was a red Z28 coupe on [[August 28]], [[1992]].
The Chevrolet Nova nameplate returned in 1985 as a front wheel drive [[subcompact]] vehicle produced from 1985 to 1988. It was manufactured in [[Fremont]], [[California]] by [[NUMMI]], a joint venture between General Motors and Toyota of Japan.
The new Nova was a rebadged and mildly restyled Japanese market [[Toyota Sprinter]], a model sold in Japan as an upmarket version of the [[Toyota Corolla]]. Nova shared the Corolla's AE82 platform, {{convert|1.6|L|CID|abbr=on}} 4-cylinder engines and was available with 5-speed manual, 3-speed or 4-speed automatic transmissions.
<br>
{{-}}


==Novas abroad==
== Third-generation engines ==
===Argentina===


In 1962 [[Argentina]] assembled the first/second generation Chevy II until 1974 as Chevrolet 400, and the early third-generation (1968 model) Nova was as the Chevrolet Chevy from late 1969 through 1978, both models overlapping  for several years, the Chevy II marketed as a family sedan while the Nova as a sporty alternative. An upscale model was produced from about 1973 with different trim, front turn indicators and taillights, a much better appointed interior with plastic "wood" trim, and called the Malibu. This Malibu was 100% a Chevy Nova, no relation to the American Chevelle. All engines provided to the public were inline-sixes. The first and second generations were available, depending on year and model, with the {{convert|194|CID|L|abbr=on}} and {{convert|230|CID|L|abbr=on}} engines.
* 1982-1985: 2.5&nbsp;L (151&nbsp;cid) ''[[GM Iron Duke engine|Iron Duke]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]
* 1982-1984: 2.8&nbsp;L (173&nbsp;cid) ''[[GM 60-Degree V6 engine#LC1|LC1]]'' [[V6 engine|V6]]
* 1985-1989: 2.8&nbsp;L (173&nbsp;cid) ''[[GM 60-Degree V6 engine#LB8|LB8]]'' [[V6 engine|V6]]
* 1990-1992: 3.1&nbsp;L (191&nbsp;cid) LHO ''[[GM 60-Degree V6 engine#Generation II|60° Gen II]]'' [[V6 engine|V6]]
* 1982-1983: 5.0&nbsp;L (305&nbsp;cid) LU5 ''[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#5.0|Small-Block]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]]
* 1982-1987: 5.0&nbsp;L (305&nbsp;cid) LG4 ''[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#5.0|Small-Block]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]]
* 1983-1986: 5.0&nbsp;L (305&nbsp;cid) L69 ''[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#5.0|Small-Block]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]]
* 1988-1992: 5.0&nbsp;L (305&nbsp;cid) LO3 ''[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#5.0|Small-Block]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]]
* 1985-1992: 5.0&nbsp;L (305&nbsp;cid) LB9 ''[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#5.0|Small-Block]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]]
* 1987-1992: 5.7&nbsp;L (350&nbsp;cid) L98 ''[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#350|Small-Block]]'' [[V8 engine|V8]]


The third generation ("Chevys") were produced with the {{convert|230|CID|L|abbr=on}} and {{convert|250|CID|L|abbr=on}} engines with specially tuned carburetors for sporting models. The "Chevy" metal decal for the third generation had the same font as the "Nova" decal of 1968–1974 American Novas, and was, for the first few years, in the rearmost section of both rear fenders. Later, it was moved to the rearmost section of both front fenders, as it was in the American cars from 1969. Sidemarker lights were not mandatory and changed much during the production run, from being deleted, to leaving a small chrome plate, to the same light as in the American cars. Rear deck decals just said "<small>CHEVROLET</small>" in chrome letters, obviating the typical "Model by Chevrolet" used in the American cars at the time. The hood decal was similar to the 1969 American Novas, the bow tie, in blue or just chrome.
== References ==
Initially, the Argentinian Chevy used very similar trim to the American counterpart, usually being more luxurious, as the car fitted in a much higher market niche, being a "big" car for the local standards. Even then there were standard, plain models, without accessories. Many were used for cab service. Interesting to note is that the interior layout, especially visible in the instrument panel, remained the American 1968 version for the whole run. The ignition switch was never moved to the steering column, for instance, so no steering lock was installed in the factory. Power steering began to be available from the factory at the end of the production run, V8s were never produced for the car, and automatic transmissions were available with both: steering column selectors or with a floor lever, but not for all models, only for luxury versions. Power windows were not available, tinted windows were darker than American versions, and the darker band on the upper edge of the windshield was not present.


Very popular accessories were vinyl roofs, rally wheels, sport steering wheels, bucket seats with high backs, and tufted leatherette upholstery (many sedans were produced this way). Interiors were mostly black. Steering wheels and instrument panels were for many years only black, as were seatbelts. American style interior color coordination was absent. The last year of the Nova in Argentina is called locally "Opus 78" (because the slogan of the publicity) and it was the most equipped, adding simil-leather bucket seats, air-conditioning, power steering, electric antenna, and a new dashboard with integrated central console.
{{reflist}}
and a single four-barrel carburetor


Their Super Sports, "SS" counterparts were both coupes and 4-door sedans, the latter of which was unheard of in the US prior to the introduction of the 1994 [[Chevrolet Impala#1994-1996|Impala SS]]. In fact, a majority were fitted with inline-sixes coupled to a ZF [[manual transmission]] with floor lever 4 speeds, a single two-barrel Holey RX 7214-A carburetor giving out {{convert|168|hp|abbr=on}}  and a sporting exhaust note. Corsa, a local auto publication magazine tested a Chevy Coupé SS and obtained a 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) time of 8.2 seconds.
== External links ==
 
===Canada===
[[Image:1963 Pontiac Acadian Beaumont convertible.jpg|thumb|left|1963 Acadian Beaumont convertible]]
The Nova was also sold in [[Canada]] from 1962 as the [[Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]] (a GM Canada nameplate),<ref> [http://books.google.com/books?id=vIN_CgtDuHYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=nova+II+SS#PPA58,M1 Nova SS By Steve Statham] Retrieved from books.google.com on 20 November 2008</ref> with minimal trim and equipment modifications, until the early 1970s when it was renamed in keeping with its US cousin as the [[Pontiac Ventura II]].
{{-}}
 
==The urban legend==
An [[Urban Legend|urban legend]] claims that the vehicle sold poorly in Spanish-speaking countries because its name, spaced ''no va'', literally translates to "no go," as in "it doesn't go." This has since been debunked.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/business/misxlate/nova.asp snopes.com: Nova Don't Go<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
 
==External links==
{{commonscat|Chevrolet Nova}}
*{{dmoz|Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Chevrolet/Nova/|Chevrolet Nova}}
*{{imcdb vehicle|make=Chevrolet|model=Nova|Chevrolet Nova}}
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Latest revision as of 23:03, 9 February 2009


Third-generation Chevrolet Camaro
Chevrolet.camaro.IROC-Z-red.front.view-sstvwf.JPG
ManufacturerChevrolet
Parent companyGeneral Motors
Production1982-1992
AssemblyVan Nuys, California
Norwood, OH 1982-1987 only
PredecessorSecond–gen Camaro
SuccessorFourth–gen Camaro
ClassPony car
Muscle car
Sports car
Body style(s)2-door coupe
2-door convertible
LayoutFR layout
PlatformF-body
Engine(s)2.5L I4
2.8L V6
3.1L V6
5.0L V8
5.7L V8
Transmission(s)4-speed automatic
5-speed manual
3-speed automatic
4-speed manual
Wheelbase101.0 in (2,565 mm)
Length1988-1990: 192.0 in (4,877 mm)
1991-92: 192.6 in (4,892 mm)
Width1988-1990: 72.8 in (1,849 mm)
1991-92: 72.4 in (1,839 mm)
Height1988-1990: 50.3 in (1,278 mm)
1991-92 Coupe: 50.4 in (1,280 mm)
1991-92 Convertible: 51.5 in (1,308 mm)
RelatedPontiac Firebird
ManualsService Manual

The third-generation Chevrolet Camaro was introduced for the 1982 model year. It continued to use General Motors' F-body platform and would produce a "20th Anniversary Commemorative Edition" for 1987 and "25th Anniversary Heritage Edition" for 1992. These were also the first Camaros with factory fuel injection, four-speed automatic transmissions, five-speed manual transmissions, four-cylinder engines, 16-inch wheels, and hatchback bodies.[1]

The third-gen Camaros would continue through the 1992 model year.

1982

The Third-Generation Camaro was released for sale in January 1982. The 1982 model introduced the first Camaros with factory fuel injection, a hatchback body style, and a four-cylinder engine (due to concerns over fuel economy in the wake of the 1979 energy crisis). The Camaro Z28 was Motor Trend magazine's Car of the Year for 1982. Three models were available: Sport Coupe, Berlinetta, and Z28. Third generation Camaros also had a suspension system that was much more capable in corners than the previous generation.

The Sport Coupe came standard with the 2.5 L 151 cid LQ9 four cylinder engine. The 2.8 L 173 LC1 V6 and 5.0 L 305 LG4 V8 were optional. Dog dish-style hub caps were standard; wheel covers were optional as were steel, five-spoke 14x7 body-colored rally wheels.

The Berlinetta came standard with the 2.8 LC1 V6 or the optional 5.0 LG4 V8. The Berlinetta came standard with its own unique 14x7 finned aluminum wheel with gold accenting and `Berlinetta' center cap. Its own lower body pinstriping, gold "Berlinetta" badging, and headlamp pockets were painted in an accent color. The tail lights got a gold and black horizontal divider bar. The interior came standard with custom cloth interior, a rear storage well cover and additional carpeting on rear wheelhouses. It also came standard with additional body insulation and full instrumentation.

The Z28 came standard with the 5.0 LG4 4bbl V8 or the optional LU5 twin TBI `Cross Fire Injection' 5.0 L. The carbureted engine was available with either a four-speed manual or three-speed automatic transmission and put out a 145 hp (108 kW), while the optional Cross Fire Injection 305 was rated at 165 hp (123 kW). Performance enthusiasts of the day gave the new Camaro rave reviews for its styling and handling, but also made critical remarks about the relatively low power ratings and lackluster performance compared to Ford's Mustang GT, with the High Output 5.0 Litre(302 cubic-inch) V8 and Top-Loader four-speed manual transmission.

All Z28s came with lightweight fiberglass SMC hoods with functional hood air induction flaps on RPO LU5 cars. The Z28 had a different nose, a three-piece rear spoiler and front, side, and rear lower body valances in silver or gold. Just above the valance was a two-color lower body stripe that encircled the car. Headlamp pockets on the Z28 were black. Standard were new 15x7 cast-aluminum five-spoke wheels accented with silver or gold. Z28 badges appeared on the right rear bumper, and on the side valances.

The Camaro Z28 paced the Indianapolis 500 in 1982, and over 6000 replicas were sold through Chevy dealers. The pace car edition featured special two-tone silver/blue paint and special striping, orange pin-striping on 15-inch Z28 wheels, and a silver/blue interior with six-way Lear-Seigler manually-adjustable seating. Engine choices in the pace cars were the same as the regular Z28. However, the car that actually paced the event was equipped with a highly modified all aluminum 5.7 L V8 not offered publicly, although there are rumors that four were actually produced.

1983

The Camaro had a significant change in the Z28 engine lineup: the lackluster and trouble-prone LU5 Crossfire 305 V8 was supplanted in April 1983 by an all-new simpler 5.0 L L69 4 bbl 190 hp (142 kW) High-Output (HO) V8, giving the Z28 a much-needed power boost to be competitive with the 5.0 Mustang GT. This engine was only available with manual transmission in 1983. Due to the late introduction, only 3,223 L69 V8s were sold this year, making one in good condition a rare find today.

Transmissions were also improved for 1983. A 5-speed manual transmission replaced the previous 4-speed. The 3-speed automatic transmission in the Z28 was replaced by a 4-speed unit with overdrive. The automatic overdrive was also available on the base coupe and Berlinetta, but was not available with the L69 H.O. engine in the Z28 for 1983. [2] Aside from the new transmissions, base coupe and Berlinetta carried on as in 1982 with very little change other than newly available colors.

1984

The dashboard features becomes smaller and sharper because of complaints about the design quality and look. In the Berlinetta, the basic design was replaced with 'Star Wars-style' electronic instrumentation, including bar-graph tachometer and digital speedometer. The car has an overhead console and pod-mounted controls for turn signals, cruise-control, HVAC, windshield wiper and headlights. The radio was mounted inside a pod on the console, which could swivel toward the driver or passenger.

Drivetrain changes included the discontinuation of the LU5 305 Cross Fire V-8, and the addition of a hydraulic clutch linkage on manual cars. The L69 H.O. Z28 became available with automatic transmission for the first time.

Road & Track selected the 1984 Camaro/Firebird as one of twelve best cars in the world and in the Best Sports GT category in the $11,000 to $14,000 range. Car and Driver picked the '84 Camaro Z28 as the best handling car built in the United States.[3]

1985

Camaro IROC-Z

For 1985, Chevrolet introduced a new Camaro model — the famous IROC-Z, named after the popular competition International Race of Champions. The Camaro IROC-Z featured an upgraded suspension with lowered springs, specially valved shocks, larger diameter sway bars, a special decal package, and an optional Tuned Port Injection system taken from the Corvette. It also shared the Corvette's 245/50ZR16 tires and new aluminum 5-spoke 16" wheels. The Camaro IROC-Z was on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 1985. The 305 was the only engine to receive Tuned Port Injection considering the L98 350 was not available until mid-year 1986; rated at 215 hp, it was available only on the IROC-Z model with the 700-R4 automatic transmission. Also new for 1985, all Camaros featured refreshed noses and new, deeper valances and front spoiler for the Z28 and the newly introduced IROC-Z28. The speedometers no longer had the unique double-pointed needle that simultaneously read mph and km/h: they were replaced by conventional single-pointer 85 mph (137 km/h) units. The 2.8 V6 became fuel-injected, raising power from 112 hp (84 kW) to 135 hp (101 kW). This would also be the final year for the less popular base-model 2.5 L 151 cid 4-cyl engine.

1986

A newly required Center High Mounted Stop Lamp (CHMSL) was installed on the Camaro. 1986 was the only year to see this attached to the hatchback glass on base model Sport Coupes, Z28s and IROC-Zs; In following years it was implemented in the rear decklid spoiler, except for 1987 base models that did not have a spoiler. This was the final year for the L69 5.0 305 HO 4bbl option, and the 2.8 L V6 was now the standard engine in the base model - no more 4-bangers. The TPI 305 horsepower rating dropped from 215 hp (160 kW) to 190 hp (142 kW) in the Iroc-Z models. Chevrolet did build 75 IROC-Zs with the L98 5.7 L 350 TPI engines, but these cars were not equipped with A/C and not believed to be sold to the general public because they were test vehicles.

1987

1987 Chevrolet Camaro IROC-Z

The 350 TPI and 5 Speed 305 TPI combinations were finally available on the IROC-Z28 after a lot of testing although the 350 was only available in the IROC-Z and only with an automatic transmission, testing had proven that the 5 speed couldn't handle the greater power output of the TPI 350. The TPI 350 motor was not visually distinguishable from the TPI 305. Automatic and Manual 305 TPI got a 215 hp (160 kW) rating. Roller lifters and new valve cover/head design on V-8 Camaros. Valve covers featured new sealing and center bolts in the valve covers. Heads featured new raised lip for improved valve cover sealing. G92 and L98 (B2L) cars finally got the Borg-Warner HD 7.75 inch four pinion rear end, produced for GM Holden's Limited of Australia (Firebird WS6 cars went to this unit in 1986). These units can be identified by their 9 bolt (rather than 10) differential cover that has a rubber plug. The Borg-Warner logo is also cast into the bottom of the differential case. This rear axle came with tapered rather than straight roller bearings and a cone-clutch rather than disc-clutch limited slip unit. These units came painted black from the factory while most others were bare metal. All 1987 350 TPI (B2L) IROC-Z's required J65 rear disc brakes, G80 limited slip differential, and KC4 engine oil cooler. The largest visual change this year was the CHMSL was now mounted on the rear spoiler instead of atop the rear hatch (unless it was a base coupe without the spoiler option - on those it remained atop the hatch like last year). The Berlinettas were no longer available this year, replaced (ironically) with a new LT model, but the base and Z28s continued as before. 145 mph (233 km/h) speedometers became standard in the IROC-Zs and Z28s, the base and LTs got a new 110 mph (180 km/h) unit. The 2.8 V6 and 5.0 carbureted V8s carried on with no changes.

Other big Camaro news was a Camaro convertible that was introduced for the first time since 1969 as a regular production option. Available on the Sport Coupe and IROC-Z, the conversion was performed on t-top equipped (t-top models have extra bracing) Camaros by ASC. Only 1,007 were produced in the first year of production. 1987 marked the 20th anniversary of the Camaro and the convertibles were considered the anniversary editions and were signified by a special dash badge that read "20th Anniversary Commemorative Edition". Some 1987 T-Top models were made into convertibles by ASC after the customer took delivery. This is why there are some convertibles with the body VIN code of 2, meaning they were coupes, not convertibles (which have a body VIN code of 3). This was also the last year of production at GM's Norwood, OH facility as sales continued to decline therefore resulting in production reduced to the Van Nuys assembly plant located in Southern California.

1988

The Camaro line was greatly simplified this year, starting with discontinuing the slow-selling one-year-wonder LT model, and dropping the base Z28. All that was left was the base coupe and the IROC-Z, although the IROC-Z was decontented this year to compensate for the loss of the base Z28 - for example, the previously standard aluminum 16" 5-spoke wheels were now an option - "base" IROCs now got the old Z28's steel 15" 5-spoke wheels(which also became standard on the base coupes). Also the old Z28's ground effects and spoilers were now standard issue on the base coupes. Base models got a new raised spoiler on some models. All engines were fuel-injected this year, the 5.0 L 305 cid V8 gained throttle-body injection, bringing net horsepower to 170;the 2.8 V6, the 305 and 350 TPI engines carried on as before. G92 (performance axle ratio) available only on IROC-Z with 5.0 TPI (LB9). G92 was available on IROC-Z convertible in 1988. All 1987 350 TPI (B2L) IROC-Z's came standard with the 3.27 BW rear end and everything that was included with G92 but did not have the G92 RPO code because it was mandatory; this changed in 1988 however when a 2.77 rear was standard and G92 had to be specified to get the 3.27's.

1989

1989 Chevrolet Camaro Z28 IROC 1LE

1989 signified the return of the RS designation (last used in 1980). The Rally Sport was now the base model featuring body ground effects mimicking the IROC and the previous Z28. They had the 2.8 V6 fuel injected motor as standard with the 5.0 305 as an option. The raised rear spoiler that became available in 1988 on the base coupes was short-lived and done away with for this year. The IROC-Zs were still available with the 170 hp (127 kW) TBI 305, the 195 hp (145 kW) TPI 305, or the 230 hp (172 kW) TPI 350. IROC-Z coupes had a new dual-converter exhaust option that boosted hp to 230 on the TPI 305/manual transmission cars, and 240 on the TPI 350 (and mandatory 700-R4 automatic). Also during this year all Camaros were outfitted with the VATS/PassKey security system and back seats received 3-point safety belts.

IROC-Zs with the TPI 350 had the 2.77 rear axle ratio as in the previous year, but the optional RPO G92 Performance Axle package modified the ratio to 3.27 for the TPI 350, and 3.45 for the TPI 305 with manual transmission. RPO G92 also included the aforementioned dual-converter exhaust; 4-wheel disc brakes (RPO J65); engine oil cooler; P245/50ZR16 Goodyear Eagle unidirectional tires; a 145-mph speedometer; and a tachometer with a 5,500-RPM redline. Only 1,426 IROC-Z coupes were equipped with the Performance Axle package in 1989.

To take an IROC-Z coupe to the maximum performance extreme in 1989, when G92 Performance Axle was ordered with no air conditioning (C41), RPO code 1LE was automatically triggered. This included extra equipment intended to make the IROC-Z more competitive in SCCA Showroom Stock road racing events: larger 11.65-inch rotors with 2-piston aluminium calipers from PBR; an aluminum driveshaft; a special baffled fuel tank; specific shock absorbers; and stiffer suspension bushings. The fog lamps were also deleted. Since the 1LE was simply an option combination, not a separate package or model which was promoted, very few customers or even Chevrolet dealers were aware of its existence. As a result, only 111 Camaros were built with the 1LE equipment in 1989.[4]

1990

1990 Chevrolet Camaro RS

1990 was the year with the lowest production to date (35,048), due to a truncated 1990 model run followed by early introduction of the facelifted 1991 models. 1990 also marked the final year for the IROC-Z. Chevrolet had decided not to renew their contract with the International Race of Champions, which was later renewed by Chrysler's Dodge Daytona. This year was the first year for an airbag to be offered in any F-body. The 2.8 L V6 was upgraded to the 3.1 L V6. Also, this was the first year for the updated "half-moon" gauge cluster that was offered only in 1990-1992 Camaros. That would make 1990 a distinguishable year by the fact it was the only 3rd gen Camaro that didn't feature the "aero" GFX but did feature the half-moon cluster.

The RPO code 1LE was again available in 1990, triggered as in the previous year by RPO G92 Performance Axle combined with no air conditioning on the IROC-Z coupe. Only 62 Camaros were built with 1LE equipment in 1990.[5]

1991

1991Z28.jpg

Early in 1990, the 1991 Camaros debuted. Big changes occurred, as all Camaros received a facelift in the form of a ground effects package for both the RS and Z28 models, while the IROC-Z was no longer offered. The Z28 also featured a high rise spoiler and non-functional hood "blisters". The 1991 Z28 also received a new wheel design to accent the new body accents. This was the first year that the B4C "Special Service" option was made available to law enforcement, the government, and military agencies. The B4C amounted to little more than a Z28 powertrain and suspension in the RS. (Car Craft Magazine refers to the B4C as a 1LE equipped with air conditioning; although this is slightly erroneous because in 1991, the large brakes with PBR calipers from the 1LE package were not included with B4C.) Just under 600 B4C Camaros were sold for 1991. 1991 was also the first year that Z28 Camaros equipped with the 305 TPI motor and a manual transmission had the same roller cam profile as the 350 TPI motor. Power ratings on the 350 TPI were as follows; 250 hp (186 kW) at 4400 rpm and 345 lb·ft (Template:Convert/nM) at 3200 rpm. Power rating on the 305 TPI motor were as follows; 235 hp (175 kW) at 4200 rpm and 300 lb·ft (Template:Convert/nM) @3200 rpm. Rumors say that these numbers were slightly underrated by GM, but this has not been investigated.

Beginning with the 1991 model year, GM pioneered some modified assembly techniques with the F-body Camaro and Firebird which would be carried forward into the fourth generation. Different seam sealers, structural adhesives and body assembly techniques were employed in key areas, in an effort to reduce squeaks and rattles and improve the perception of quality.

The SCCA Showroom-Stock-ready 1LE package continued with similar equipment to previous years, and was again triggered automatically by the G92 Performance Axle option combined with C41 basic ventilation system (no air conditioning) on the Z28 coupe. Enthusiasts and dealers were becoming more aware of the 1LE, as production increased to 478 units.[6]

1992

1992 was the final year of the third generation Camaro. A "25th Anniversary Heritage Edition" option had been planned with Corvette aluminum cylinder heads, tubular exhaust headers, and 6-speed manual transmission, but this was scrapped in favor of a "Heritage Package" option (RPO Z03) which amounted to nothing more than a graphics package of badges and rally stripes. All 1992 Camaros received a "25th Anniversary" badge on the dashboard. The 1992 version of the Camaro B4C (Special Service Package) got the addition of 1LE brakes and suspension, making it perhaps the best performing third generation Camaro available with air conditioning. A total of 589 B4Cs were sold. The B4C option was also deemed popular enough to be carried on to the fourth generation model.

1992 Z28s received some of the "leftovers" from its Corvette cousin, which switched from Tuned Port Injection to the updated LT1 engine series in 1992. Some Z28s received the cast aluminum style intake runners from the TPI Corvette instead of the regular Camaro smooth tube ones. Most of the 1992 Z28s also received some 1LE components as well, like the popular polyurethane bushings instead of the standard rubber ones, as well as polyurethane transmission mounts.

The RPO 1LE option combination, identical to the previous year in specification and option requirements, had its highest production year of the third generation Camaro, with 705 cars so equipped. As mentioned, the 1LE brakes were included with B4C in 1992, accounting for 589 of the 705 built. This means that only 116 "true" 1LE-only cars (A/C delete, non-Special Service Package) were built for the year. [7]

It should be noted that the vast majority of the 1LE cars built during the 1989-1992 period were very sparsely equipped vehicles. Since they were intended for racing, where extra weight is a disadvantage and interiors are often gutted after purchase, most were very lightly optioned. The majority of 1LE Camaros had the base interior, with no power options, cruise control, or even floor mats. Some were even built without radios (201 cars were built as "radio delete" in 1992). An "oddball" Camaro equipped with a combination of both RPO 1LE and luxury or appearance options, such as a deluxe leather interior or the Z03 Heritage Package, is therefore a rare and potentially collectible vehicle.

This was also the last year of production at the Camaro's assembly plant in Van Nuys, California. The last third-generation Camaro produced was a red Z28 coupe on August 28, 1992.

Third-generation engines

References

  1. ↑ "1982 Camaro" (in English) (HTML). camaro3rdgen.20m.com/. http://www.camaro3rdgen.20m.com/1982.html. Retrieved on 2007-01-03. 
  2. ↑ Antinock, Mike; The Camaro White Book; Michael Bruce Associates Inc, 1996.
  3. ↑ Antonick, Michael; The Camaro White Book; Michael Bruce Associates Inc., 1996.
  4. ↑ Antonick, Mike; The Camaro White Book; Michael Bruce Associates Inc, 1996.
  5. ↑ Antonick, Mike; The Camaro White Book; Michael Bruce Associates Inc., 1996.
  6. ↑ Antonick, Mike; The Camaro White Book; Michael Bruce Associates Inc., 1996.
  7. ↑ Antonick, Mike; The Camaro White Book; Michael Bruce Associates Inc., 1996.

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